Tournament: La Costa Canyon | Round: 1 | Opponent: Claremont GS | Judge: Scott Wheeler

Plan

The United States federal government should

Substantially upgrade its non-military polar icebreaking capabilities by constructing two new Polar Class Icebreakers

Ensure that the POLAR SEA remains mission capable and that the POLAR STAR remains available for reactivation.

Contention 1 is Solvency

The plan solves and nothing else does

Jones 6 (Anita, Ph.D in computer science @ Carnegie Mellon, Director of Defense Research and Engineering for the U.S. Department of Defense 1993-97, researcher and director @ National Academy of Sciences, prof @ U of Virginia, 9/26/6, "POLAR ICEBREAKERS IN A CHANGING WORLD: AN ASSESSMENT OF U.S. NEEDS", Congressional Testimony, http://www7.nationalacademies.org/ocga/testimony/Polar_Icebreakers_in_a_Changing_World.asp, 10/9/2014, LK) 
RENEWAL OF THE NATION'S POLAR ICEBREAKING FLEET Based on the current and future needs for
AND
Decision Directive should be issued to clearly align agency responsibilities and budgetary authorities. 

Contention 2 is SCIENCE!!

Icebreakers are vital to continual Antarctic science - underpins National Science Foundation research

Falkner 14 - 7/23/14 Division Director of Polar Programs at the National Science Foundation (Kelly. Congressional Testimony. "U.S. POLICY IN THE ARCTIC". Proquest Congressional)
While polar oceans comprise only about ten percent of global ocean area, they exert
AND
stations would have to close or sharply curtail activities for lack of supplies. 

Scenario 1 is Climate Change

Warming is conclusively real, anthropogenic, and happening fast

Prothero 12 (Donald, Professor of Geology at Occidental College and Lecturer in Geobiology at the California Institute of Technology, March 1, "How We Know Global Warming is Real and Human Caused", EBSCO)
How do we know that global warming is real and primarily human caused? There
AND
pinnacles, but the rest of these drowned cities would lie deep underwater. 

Polar science is central to predict climate variability – Only way to know CO2 uptake – Empirically effective at generating responses

UNOLS 12 (February, The University-National Oceanographic Laboratory System Polar Research Vessel Science Missions and Requirements Refresh Committee, "A New US Polar Research Vessel (PRV): Science Drivers and Vessel Requirements, http://www.unols.org/sites/default/files/PRV_SMR_FinalReport_Feb2012.pdf) 9/30/14 LK
The global ocean currently absorbs about 25 of the annual production of anthropogenic CO2
AND
the full seasonal cycle of production, transport, and recycling is understood.

Knowledge of climate variability is key to mitigate climate change

NRC 9 ("Informing Decisions in a Changing Climate," p.119-21, http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12626) 10/10/14 LK
Climate-related decisions require integrated knowledge and information that includes both possible future climate
AND
research should be closely integrated with basic and applied research on climate processes.

Warming causes extinction and systemic death – Warming's real and anthropogenic

Deibel 2007 (Terry, "Foreign Affairs Strategy: Logic of American Statecraft," Conclusion: American Foreign Affairs Strategy Today)
Finally, there is one major existential threat to American security (as well as
AND
States, but potentially to the continued existence of life on this planet.  

Scenario 2 is Oil Spills

Increased arctic activity guarantees oil spills – fast response time and ice-maneuvering capabilities are key to mitigate a spill

O'Rourke '14 – naval analyst for the Congressional Research Service of the Library of Congress, received a Distinguished Service Award from the Library of Congress (Ronald, "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", June 5^th, Congressional Research Service)
Oil Pollution and Pollution Response 120 Oil Pollution Implications of Arctic Change Climate change impacts
AND
forming different states of water in oil, often described as "mousse." 

Icebreakers are key command-and-control capabilities and safety of vessels operating in the region —- that's a necessary prerequisite to any other response mechanism

NRC 7 – working arm of the United States National Academies, which produces reports that shape policies, inform public opinion, and advance the pursuit of science, engineering, and medicine (National Research Council, "Polar Icebreakers in a Changing World: An Assessment of US Needs," http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11753andpage=R1) mj
Protecting the Arctic marine environment begins with ensuring the safety of vessels operating in these
AND
polar icebreakers to be equipped with the latest technology for oil spill response.

Drilling is inevitable but U.S. tech and leadership is key

Schneider 12- Advocacy Director of the Clean Task Force (Michael, "Curb Methane Emissions", National Journal, http://energy.nationaljournal.com/2012/07/is-arctic-oil-drilling-ready-f.php?comments=expandall~~#comments)
For several weeks now the public and the media have cast increasing attention on Arctic
AND
associated with oil and natural gas, in some cases by almost 100.

Artic is key to global bio d

WWF 10 (December 1, 2010 "Drilling for Oil in the Arctic: Too Soon, Too Risky" World Wildlife Fund http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/arctic/WWFBinaryitem18711.pdf)
Planetary Keystone The Arctic and the subarctic regions surrounding it are important for many reasons
AND
climate change, the Arctic is a keystone ecosystem for the entire planet.

Extinction

Craig '3 (Robin Kundis Craig, Associate Professor of Law, Indiana University School of Law, 34 McGeorge L. Rev. 155)
Biodiversity and ecosystem function arguments for conserving marine ecosystems also exist, just as they
AND
- even if a few fishers go out of business as a result. 

Contention 3 is Russia

Russia will increase its presence in the arctic —- now is key to increase non-military cooperation

Norris 3-27-14 — Intern at the Carnegie Moscow Center (Sarah, "Despite Crimea, Western-Russian Cooperation in the Arctic Should Continue," Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, http://carnegieendowment.org/2014/03/27/despite-crimea-western-russian-cooperation-in-arctic-should-continue)
The Crimea crisis has compelled many Western states to re-evaluate strategic cooperation with
AND
create conditions that encourage militarization and put stability at risk in the Arctic.

US-Russia tensions will escalate absent the plan

Aerandir 12 (Mate Wesley Aerandir Lieutenant United States Navy B.A., "BREAKING THE ICE: POTENTIAL U.S.-RUSSIAN MARITIME CONFLICT IN THE ARCTIC" December 2012, http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a573497.pdf)//haha
There is ample reason and precedent suggesting that countries will resort to armed conflict to
AND
threat of a militarized conflict in the Arctic is therefore real as well. 

Icebreakers are key to credible US diplomacy that diffuses the risk of conflict

Borgerson 8 — International Affairs Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations (Scott G., "Arctic Meltdown: The Economic and Security Implications of Global Warming," Foreign Affairs, March/April, http://www.rhumb-line.com/pdf/BorgersonForeignAffairsarticle.pdf)LK
While the other Arctic powers are racing to carve up the region, the United
AND
, the region could erupt in an armed mad dash for its resources.

US-Russia war causes extinction

Helfand 14 – Ira Helfand has an M.D and is the past president of Physicians for Social Responsibility. He is the co-president of the International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War. ("Another View: Ukraine crisis puts focus on danger of nuclear war", http://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/opinion/columnists/2014/05/04/another-view-ukraine-crisis-danger-nuclear-war/8665185/, May 3, 2014)
The ongoing crisis in Ukraine has made it clear that the danger of nuclear war
AND
of nuclear weapons, there is the danger of an accidental nuclear war.

Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: 1 | Opponent: Laguna Hills HH | Judge: Forrest Fulgenzi

1AC

Plan

The United States federal government should

Substantially upgrade its non-military polar icebreaking capabilities by constructing two new Polar Class Icebreakers

Ensure that the POLAR SEA remains mission capable and that the POLAR STAR remains available for reactivation.

Contention 1 is Solvency

The plan solves and nothing else does

Jones 6 (Anita, Ph.D in computer science @ Carnegie Mellon, Director of Defense Research and Engineering for the U.S. Department of Defense 1993-97, researcher and director @ National Academy of Sciences, prof @ U of Virginia, 9/26/6, "POLAR ICEBREAKERS IN A CHANGING WORLD: AN ASSESSMENT OF U.S. NEEDS", Congressional Testimony, http://www7.nationalacademies.org/ocga/testimony/Polar_Icebreakers_in_a_Changing_World.asp, 10/9/2014, LK) 
RENEWAL OF THE NATION'S POLAR ICEBREAKING FLEET Based on the current and future needs for
AND
Decision Directive should be issued to clearly align agency responsibilities and budgetary authorities. 

Contention 2 is SCIENCE!!

Icebreakers are vital to continual Antarctic science - underpins National Science Foundation research

Falkner 14 - 7/23/14 Division Director of Polar Programs at the National Science Foundation (Kelly. Congressional Testimony. "U.S. POLICY IN THE ARCTIC". Proquest Congressional)
While polar oceans comprise only about ten percent of global ocean area, they exert
AND
stations would have to close or sharply curtail activities for lack of supplies. 

Scenario 1 is Climate Change

Warming is conclusively real, anthropogenic, and happening fast

Prothero 12 (Donald, Professor of Geology at Occidental College and Lecturer in Geobiology at the California Institute of Technology, March 1, "How We Know Global Warming is Real and Human Caused", EBSCO)
How do we know that global warming is real and primarily human caused? There
AND
pinnacles, but the rest of these drowned cities would lie deep underwater. 

Polar science is central to predict climate variability – Only way to know CO2 uptake – Empirically effective at generating responses

UNOLS 12 (February, The University-National Oceanographic Laboratory System Polar Research Vessel Science Missions and Requirements Refresh Committee, "A New US Polar Research Vessel (PRV): Science Drivers and Vessel Requirements, http://www.unols.org/sites/default/files/PRV_SMR_FinalReport_Feb2012.pdf) 9/30/14 LK
The global ocean currently absorbs about 25 of the annual production of anthropogenic CO2
AND
the full seasonal cycle of production, transport, and recycling is understood.

Knowledge of climate variability is key to mitigate climate change

NRC 9 ("Informing Decisions in a Changing Climate," p.119-21, http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12626) 10/10/14 LK
Climate-related decisions require integrated knowledge and information that includes both possible future climate
AND
research should be closely integrated with basic and applied research on climate processes.

Warming causes extinction– Warming's real and anthropogenic

Deibel 2007 (Terry, "Foreign Affairs Strategy: Logic of American Statecraft," Conclusion: American Foreign Affairs Strategy Today)
Finally, there is one major existential threat to American security (as well as
AND
States, but potentially to the continued existence of life on this planet.  

Scenario 2 is Oil Spills

Increased arctic activity guarantees oil spills – fast response time and ice-maneuvering capabilities are key to mitigate a spill

O'Rourke '14 – naval analyst for the Congressional Research Service of the Library of Congress, received a Distinguished Service Award from the Library of Congress (Ronald, "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", June 5^th, Congressional Research Service)
Oil Pollution and Pollution Response 120 Oil Pollution Implications of Arctic Change Climate change impacts
AND
forming different states of water in oil, often described as "mousse." 

Icebreakers are key command-and-control capabilities and safety of vessels operating in the region —- that's a necessary prerequisite to any other response mechanism

NRC 7 – working arm of the United States National Academies, which produces reports that shape policies, inform public opinion, and advance the pursuit of science, engineering, and medicine (National Research Council, "Polar Icebreakers in a Changing World: An Assessment of US Needs," http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11753andpage=R1) mj
Protecting the Arctic marine environment begins with ensuring the safety of vessels operating in these
AND
polar icebreakers to be equipped with the latest technology for oil spill response.

Drilling is inevitable but U.S. tech and leadership is key

Schneider 12- Advocacy Director of the Clean Task Force (Michael, "Curb Methane Emissions", National Journal, http://energy.nationaljournal.com/2012/07/is-arctic-oil-drilling-ready-f.php?comments=expandall~~#comments)
For several weeks now the public and the media have cast increasing attention on Arctic
AND
associated with oil and natural gas, in some cases by almost 100.

Artic is key to global bio d

WWF 10 (December 1, 2010 "Drilling for Oil in the Arctic: Too Soon, Too Risky" World Wildlife Fund http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/arctic/WWFBinaryitem18711.pdf)
Planetary Keystone The Arctic and the subarctic regions surrounding it are important for many reasons
AND
climate change, the Arctic is a keystone ecosystem for the entire planet.

Extinction

Craig '3 (Robin Kundis Craig, Associate Professor of Law, Indiana University School of Law, 34 McGeorge L. Rev. 155)
Biodiversity and ecosystem function arguments for conserving marine ecosystems also exist, just as they
AND
- even if a few fishers go out of business as a result. 

Contention 3 is Russia

Russia will increase its presence in the arctic —- now is key to increase non-military cooperation

Norris 3-27-14 — Intern at the Carnegie Moscow Center (Sarah, "Despite Crimea, Western-Russian Cooperation in the Arctic Should Continue," Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, http://carnegieendowment.org/2014/03/27/despite-crimea-western-russian-cooperation-in-arctic-should-continue)
The Crimea crisis has compelled many Western states to re-evaluate strategic cooperation with
AND
create conditions that encourage militarization and put stability at risk in the Arctic.

US-Russia tensions will escalate absent the plan

Aerandir 12 (Mate Wesley Aerandir Lieutenant United States Navy B.A., "BREAKING THE ICE: POTENTIAL U.S.-RUSSIAN MARITIME CONFLICT IN THE ARCTIC" December 2012, http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a573497.pdf)//haha
There is ample reason and precedent suggesting that countries will resort to armed conflict to
AND
threat of a militarized conflict in the Arctic is therefore real as well. 

Icebreakers are key to credible US diplomacy that diffuses the risk of conflict

Borgerson 8 — International Affairs Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations (Scott G., "Arctic Meltdown: The Economic and Security Implications of Global Warming," Foreign Affairs, March/April, http://www.rhumb-line.com/pdf/BorgersonForeignAffairsarticle.pdf)LK
While the other Arctic powers are racing to carve up the region, the United
AND
, the region could erupt in an armed mad dash for its resources.

US-Russia war causes extinction

Helfand 14 – Ira Helfand has an M.D and is the past president of Physicians for Social Responsibility. He is the co-president of the International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War. ("Another View: Ukraine crisis puts focus on danger of nuclear war", http://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/opinion/columnists/2014/05/04/another-view-ukraine-crisis-danger-nuclear-war/8665185/, May 3, 2014)
The ongoing crisis in Ukraine has made it clear that the danger of nuclear war
AND
of nuclear weapons, there is the danger of an accidental nuclear war.

Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: 3 | Opponent: Polytechnic MS | Judge: Nathaniel Haas

1AC

Plan

The United States federal government should

Substantially upgrade its non-military polar icebreaking capabilities by constructing two new Polar Class Icebreakers

Ensure that the POLAR SEA remains mission capable and that the POLAR STAR remains available for reactivation.

Contention 1 is Solvency

The plan solves and nothing else does

Jones 6 (Anita, Ph.D in computer science @ Carnegie Mellon, Director of Defense Research and Engineering for the U.S. Department of Defense 1993-97, researcher and director @ National Academy of Sciences, prof @ U of Virginia, 9/26/6, "POLAR ICEBREAKERS IN A CHANGING WORLD: AN ASSESSMENT OF U.S. NEEDS", Congressional Testimony, http://www7.nationalacademies.org/ocga/testimony/Polar_Icebreakers_in_a_Changing_World.asp, 10/9/2014, LK) 
RENEWAL OF THE NATION'S POLAR ICEBREAKING FLEET Based on the current and future needs for
AND
Decision Directive should be issued to clearly align agency responsibilities and budgetary authorities. 

Contention 2 is SCIENCE!!

Icebreakers are vital to continual Antarctic science - underpins National Science Foundation research

Falkner 14 - 7/23/14 Division Director of Polar Programs at the National Science Foundation (Kelly. Congressional Testimony. "U.S. POLICY IN THE ARCTIC". Proquest Congressional)
While polar oceans comprise only about ten percent of global ocean area, they exert
AND
stations would have to close or sharply curtail activities for lack of supplies. 

Scenario 1 is Climate Change

Warming is conclusively real, anthropogenic, and happening fast

Prothero 12 (Donald, Professor of Geology at Occidental College and Lecturer in Geobiology at the California Institute of Technology, March 1, "How We Know Global Warming is Real and Human Caused", EBSCO)
How do we know that global warming is real and primarily human caused? There
AND
pinnacles, but the rest of these drowned cities would lie deep underwater. 

Polar science is central to predict climate variability – Only way to know CO2 uptake – Empirically effective at generating responses

UNOLS 12 (February, The University-National Oceanographic Laboratory System Polar Research Vessel Science Missions and Requirements Refresh Committee, "A New US Polar Research Vessel (PRV): Science Drivers and Vessel Requirements, http://www.unols.org/sites/default/files/PRV_SMR_FinalReport_Feb2012.pdf) 9/30/14 LK
The global ocean currently absorbs about 25 of the annual production of anthropogenic CO2
AND
the full seasonal cycle of production, transport, and recycling is understood.

Knowledge of climate variability is key to mitigate climate change

NRC 9 ("Informing Decisions in a Changing Climate," p.119-21, http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12626) 10/10/14 LK
Climate-related decisions require integrated knowledge and information that includes both possible future climate
AND
research should be closely integrated with basic and applied research on climate processes.

Warming causes extinction– Warming's real and anthropogenic

Deibel 2007 (Terry, "Foreign Affairs Strategy: Logic of American Statecraft," Conclusion: American Foreign Affairs Strategy Today)
Finally, there is one major existential threat to American security (as well as
AND
States, but potentially to the continued existence of life on this planet.  

Scenario 2 is Oil Spills

Increased arctic activity guarantees oil spills – fast response time and ice-maneuvering capabilities are key to mitigate a spill

O'Rourke '14 – naval analyst for the Congressional Research Service of the Library of Congress, received a Distinguished Service Award from the Library of Congress (Ronald, "Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress", June 5^th, Congressional Research Service)
Oil Pollution and Pollution Response 120 Oil Pollution Implications of Arctic Change Climate change impacts
AND
forming different states of water in oil, often described as "mousse." 

Icebreakers are key command-and-control capabilities and safety of vessels operating in the region —- that's a necessary prerequisite to any other response mechanism

NRC 7 – working arm of the United States National Academies, which produces reports that shape policies, inform public opinion, and advance the pursuit of science, engineering, and medicine (National Research Council, "Polar Icebreakers in a Changing World: An Assessment of US Needs," http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11753andpage=R1) mj
Protecting the Arctic marine environment begins with ensuring the safety of vessels operating in these
AND
polar icebreakers to be equipped with the latest technology for oil spill response.

Drilling is inevitable but U.S. tech and leadership is key

Schneider 12- Advocacy Director of the Clean Task Force (Michael, "Curb Methane Emissions", National Journal, http://energy.nationaljournal.com/2012/07/is-arctic-oil-drilling-ready-f.php?comments=expandall~~#comments)
For several weeks now the public and the media have cast increasing attention on Arctic
AND
associated with oil and natural gas, in some cases by almost 100.

Artic is key to global bio d

WWF 10 (December 1, 2010 "Drilling for Oil in the Arctic: Too Soon, Too Risky" World Wildlife Fund http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/arctic/WWFBinaryitem18711.pdf)
Planetary Keystone The Arctic and the subarctic regions surrounding it are important for many reasons
AND
climate change, the Arctic is a keystone ecosystem for the entire planet.

Extinction

Craig '3 (Robin Kundis Craig, Associate Professor of Law, Indiana University School of Law, 34 McGeorge L. Rev. 155)
Biodiversity and ecosystem function arguments for conserving marine ecosystems also exist, just as they
AND
- even if a few fishers go out of business as a result. 

Contention 3 is Russia

Russia will increase its presence in the arctic —- now is key to increase non-military cooperation

Norris 3-27-14 — Intern at the Carnegie Moscow Center (Sarah, "Despite Crimea, Western-Russian Cooperation in the Arctic Should Continue," Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, http://carnegieendowment.org/2014/03/27/despite-crimea-western-russian-cooperation-in-arctic-should-continue)
The Crimea crisis has compelled many Western states to re-evaluate strategic cooperation with
AND
create conditions that encourage militarization and put stability at risk in the Arctic.

US-Russia tensions will escalate absent the plan

Aerandir 12 (Mate Wesley Aerandir Lieutenant United States Navy B.A., "BREAKING THE ICE: POTENTIAL U.S.-RUSSIAN MARITIME CONFLICT IN THE ARCTIC" December 2012, http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a573497.pdf)//haha
There is ample reason and precedent suggesting that countries will resort to armed conflict to
AND
threat of a militarized conflict in the Arctic is therefore real as well. 

Icebreakers are key to credible US diplomacy that diffuses the risk of conflict

Borgerson 8 — International Affairs Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations (Scott G., "Arctic Meltdown: The Economic and Security Implications of Global Warming," Foreign Affairs, March/April, http://www.rhumb-line.com/pdf/BorgersonForeignAffairsarticle.pdf)LK
While the other Arctic powers are racing to carve up the region, the United
AND
, the region could erupt in an armed mad dash for its resources.

US-Russia war causes extinction

Helfand 14 – Ira Helfand has an M.D and is the past president of Physicians for Social Responsibility. He is the co-president of the International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War. ("Another View: Ukraine crisis puts focus on danger of nuclear war", http://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/opinion/columnists/2014/05/04/another-view-ukraine-crisis-danger-nuclear-war/8665185/, May 3, 2014)
The ongoing crisis in Ukraine has made it clear that the danger of nuclear war
AND
of nuclear weapons, there is the danger of an accidental nuclear war.

Even if discourse focus is important, reality exists and their meta-theoretical philosophizing disables action

Lipschutz 11 (Ronnie Lipschutz, Professor of Politics at UC Santa Cruz, "Cal Round Robin – Policy," video, post-round criticism of the final round of the California Round Robin at the College Preparatory School in Oakland, CA, in which the Georgetown Day School went for a Foucaultian critique of knowledge production against Damien High School's conventional deterrence affirmative, February 18, transcribed by Josh Clark, debate coach at the University of Michigan, http://nfltv.org/2011/02/24/cal-round-robin-policy/)
RONNIE LIPSCHUTZ: Well, many, many years ago…one day when I
AND
debate, you should probably take a look at Bourdieu. I'm done.

Tournament: Cal Berkeley | Round: 1 | Opponent: Homewood Flossmoor LS | Judge: Eric Beane

THE HAMMER

1AC – Plan

Text: The United States federal government should develop and deploy ocean thermal energy conversion technology.

1AC - Solvency

Federal support for OTEC RandD is lacking now—that support is key to OTEC commercialization

Avery, former director of ocean energy programs, and Berl, a member of the principal staff at APL, 2013
~William, Walter, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, 11/27, "Solar Energy from the Tropical Oceans," http://issues.org/14-2/avery-2/, 6/27/14, BS~
Long neglected, ocean thermal energy conversion deserves renewed attention and federal support. The
AND
make it possible to have significant OTEC commercial operation by the year 2050.

Federal funding attracts investment for commercial scale OTEC

Robert Cohen, specialist in ocean thermal energy since 1973, when he organized the initial federal ocean thermal RandD program, 2008
(Ph.D. in electrical engineering from Cornell University, "Proposal to Reactivate the DOE Ocean Thermal Energy RandD Program", April 10, http://push.pickensplan.com/forum/topic/show?id=2187034:Topic:201120 Accessed 7/12/14)
A. TWO JOINT INDUSTRY/GOVERNMENT VENTURES (@ 50 PER PARTNER) ~
AND
OTEC-derived electricity would replace electricity that is presently oil-derived.

The US can take advantage of the expertise and knowledge acquired during previous R and D efforts and incorporate new innovations

Robert Cohen, specialist in ocean thermal energy since 1973, when he organized the initial federal ocean thermal RandD program, 2008
(Ph.D. in electrical engineering from Cornell University, "Proposal to Reactivate the DOE Ocean Thermal Energy RandD Program", April 10, http://push.pickensplan.com/forum/topic/show?id=2187034:Topic:201120 Accessed 7/12/14)
This is to propose that the DOE Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) R
AND
andD policy. A draft three-year reactivation budget is attached.

1AC – Scarcity

Rising demand and climate change will collapse food production by 2050—deep ocean water from OTEC is key to sustainable aquaculture

Websdale, an environmental journalist and senior communications specialist for renewable energy provider, OTE Corporation, 14
~Emma, 2/24/14, Empower the Ocean, "The Promise of OTEC Aquaculture," http://empowertheocean.com/otec-aquaculture/, accessed 6/24/14, TYBG~
In a time of declining wild fish stocks and growing fish demand – which currently
AND
enhances the livelihoods of the millions of people who depend upon our oceans.

Scarcity guarantees conflict—it's an impact multiplier—their defense is not predictive

Klare 2013(Michael, professor of peace and world security studies at Hampshire College and defense correspondent for The Nation, 2013, " How Resource Scarcity and Climate Change Could Produce a Global Explosion", http://www.thenation.com/article/173967/how-resource-scarcity-and-climate-change-could-produce-global-explosion)
Brace yourself. You may not be able to tell yet, but according to
AND
mobilize new investments, tensions over water may erupt into more open confrontations."

Food shortages cause extinction—laundry list of impacts

Cribb, fellow of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering, 10
~Julian, The Coming Famine, pg. 9, FCB~
The character of human conflict has also changed: since the early 1990s, more
AND
future food shortages are a far bigger world threat than global warming."20

Aquaculture is integral to world food security

FAO, United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, 2005
~5-27-05, United Nations, "Contribution of aquaculture to food security," http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/14886/en, 6-25-14, IC~
Fish contributes to national food self-sufficiency through direct consumption and through trade and
AND
, it is fish - the staple animal protein source of traditional fishers.

OTEC solves sustainable aquaculture and allows for successful sea colonization

Savage, Professor of English, 1994 
~Marshall, The Millennial Project: Colonizing the Galaxy in Eight Easy Steps, page 33-34, BS~
The pulsing heart of Aquarius is an OTEC (Ocean Thermal Energy Converter). The
AND
rich nutrient broth from the depths and producing millions of tons of protein.

Sea colonization independently solves all extinction threats – makes every impact survivable

Savage, Professor of English, 1994 
~Marshall, The Millennial Project: Colonizing the Galaxy in Eight Easy Steps, page 94-95, BS~
Every space colony is an ark. Aquarius will serve not only as the jumping
AND
— just as in the legends of Atlantis—to recolonize this planet. 

Sea colonies shatter the old zero-sum resource competition paradigm

Savage, Professor of English, 1994 
 (p. 31)
Aquarius- the first sea colony, and all Millenial space colonies that follow her
AND
cybergenic pathway, Life can evolve itself out of its present resource trap. 

Sea colonies create new forms of environmental philosophy—solves their impact

Chamberland, Nuclear Engineer, 2007
~Dennis, Former United States Naval Officer and M.S. in Bioenvironmental engineering @ Oklahoma State, Undersea Colonies: the future of permanent undersea settlements, page 167, JF~
In my dream, each undersea colony will start out on its first day having
AND
occupy a new territory and make it better expressly because they are there.

1AC – Warming

Warming is conclusively real, anthropogenic, and happening fast

Prothero 12 (Donald, Professor of Geology at Occidental College and Lecturer in Geobiology at the California Institute of Technology, March 1, "How We Know Global Warming is Real and Human Caused", EBSCO)
How do we know that global warming is real and primarily human caused? There
AND
pinnacles, but the rest of these drowned cities would lie deep underwater. 

Firstly, warming causes disease spread, droughts, and is worse than nuclear war

Deibel 2007 (Terry, "Foreign Affairs Strategy: Logic of American Statecraft," Conclusion: American Foreign Affairs Strategy Today)
Finally, there is one major existential threat to American security (as well as
AND
States, but potentially to the continued existence of life on this planet.  

Secondly, CO2 emissions will release methane from the tundra and wipe out all life on Earth

Atcheson 04 (John, former Department of Energy senior policy analyst and geologist, has held a variety of policy positions in several federal government agencies "Ticking Time Bomb," December 15, 2004) LK
The Arctic Council's recent report on the effects of global warming in the far north
AND
the mass extinction of life on Earth. We have to act now. 

OTEC solves—increases carbon sequestration, trades off with fossil fuels and increases albedo through sulfate aerosol production—also cools oceans which solves hurricanes which wreck the economy

Dunn and Dhanak et al,  Professors of Ocean and Mechanical Engineering @ Florida Atlantic University, 1997
(Stanley and Manhar, also Patrick Takahashi- Director Emeritus @ Hawaii Natural Energy Institute and Michelle Teng- Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering @ University of Hawaii, "Artificial Upwelling for Environmental Enhancement", Club Des Argonautes Newsletter, Vol 8, No. 4, Winter, http://www.clubdesargonautes.org/otec/vol/vol8-4-1.htm  Accessed 7/12/14)
Relative to fossil or nuclear energy, renewable technologies are mostly friendly to the environment
AND
while, possibly, enhancing the environment, seems like a wise bargain.

Our heuristic of the state means we learn about the State without being it – we are the middle ground – this is offense.

Zanotti 14 
Dr. Laura Zanotti is an Associate Professor of Political Science at Virginia Tech.  Her research and teaching include critical political theory as well as international organizations, UN peacekeeping, democratization and the role of NGOs in post-conflict governance."Governmentality, Ontology, Methodology: Re-thinking Political Agency in the Global World" – Alternatives: Global, Local, Political – vol 38(4):p. 288-304,. A little unclear if this is late 2013 or early 2014 – The Stated "Version of Record" is Feb 20, 2014, but was originally published online on December 30th, 2013. Obtained via Sage Database.
By questioning substantialist representations of power and subjects, inquiries on the possibilities of political
AND
not to apathy but to hyper- and pessimistic activism.''84
 

Even if discourse focus is important, reality exists and their meta-theoretical philosophizing hampers action

Lipschutz 11 (Ronnie Lipschutz, Professor of Politics at UC Santa Cruz, "Cal Round Robin – Policy," video, post-round criticism of the final round of the California Round Robin at the College Preparatory School in Oakland, CA, in which the Georgetown Day School went for a Foucaultian critique of knowledge production against Damien High School's conventional deterrence affirmative, February 18, transcribed by Josh Clark, debate coach at the University of Michigan, http://nfltv.org/2011/02/24/cal-round-robin-policy/)
RONNIE LIPSCHUTZ: Well, many, many years ago…one day when I
AND
debate, you should probably take a look at Bourdieu. I'm done.

Tournament: Cal Berkeley | Round: 4 | Opponent: Green Valley SQ | Judge: Tom Woodhead

THE HAMMER

1AC – Plan

Text: The United States federal government should develop and deploy ocean thermal energy conversion technology.

1AC - Solvency

Federal support for OTEC RandD is lacking now—that support is key to OTEC commercialization

Avery, former director of ocean energy programs, and Berl, a member of the principal staff at APL, 2013
~William, Walter, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, 11/27, "Solar Energy from the Tropical Oceans," http://issues.org/14-2/avery-2/, 6/27/14, BS~
Long neglected, ocean thermal energy conversion deserves renewed attention and federal support. The
AND
make it possible to have significant OTEC commercial operation by the year 2050.

Federal funding attracts investment for commercial scale OTEC

Robert Cohen, specialist in ocean thermal energy since 1973, when he organized the initial federal ocean thermal RandD program, 2008
(Ph.D. in electrical engineering from Cornell University, "Proposal to Reactivate the DOE Ocean Thermal Energy RandD Program", April 10, http://push.pickensplan.com/forum/topic/show?id=2187034:Topic:201120 Accessed 7/12/14)
A. TWO JOINT INDUSTRY/GOVERNMENT VENTURES (@ 50 PER PARTNER) ~
AND
OTEC-derived electricity would replace electricity that is presently oil-derived.

The US can take advantage of the expertise and knowledge acquired during previous R and D efforts and incorporate new innovations

Robert Cohen, specialist in ocean thermal energy since 1973, when he organized the initial federal ocean thermal RandD program, 2008
(Ph.D. in electrical engineering from Cornell University, "Proposal to Reactivate the DOE Ocean Thermal Energy RandD Program", April 10, http://push.pickensplan.com/forum/topic/show?id=2187034:Topic:201120 Accessed 7/12/14)
This is to propose that the DOE Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) R
AND
andD policy. A draft three-year reactivation budget is attached.

1AC – Scarcity

Rising demand and climate change will collapse food production by 2050—deep ocean water from OTEC is key to sustainable aquaculture

Websdale, an environmental journalist and senior communications specialist for renewable energy provider, OTE Corporation, 14
~Emma, 2/24/14, Empower the Ocean, "The Promise of OTEC Aquaculture," http://empowertheocean.com/otec-aquaculture/, accessed 6/24/14, TYBG~
In a time of declining wild fish stocks and growing fish demand – which currently
AND
enhances the livelihoods of the millions of people who depend upon our oceans.

Scarcity guarantees conflict—it's an impact multiplier—their defense is not predictive

Klare 2013(Michael, professor of peace and world security studies at Hampshire College and defense correspondent for The Nation, 2013, " How Resource Scarcity and Climate Change Could Produce a Global Explosion", http://www.thenation.com/article/173967/how-resource-scarcity-and-climate-change-could-produce-global-explosion)
Brace yourself. You may not be able to tell yet, but according to
AND
mobilize new investments, tensions over water may erupt into more open confrontations."

Food shortages cause extinction—laundry list of impacts

Cribb, fellow of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering, 10
~Julian, The Coming Famine, pg. 9, FCB~
The character of human conflict has also changed: since the early 1990s, more
AND
future food shortages are a far bigger world threat than global warming."20

Aquaculture is integral to world food security

FAO, United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, 2005
~5-27-05, United Nations, "Contribution of aquaculture to food security," http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/14886/en, 6-25-14, IC~
Fish contributes to national food self-sufficiency through direct consumption and through trade and
AND
, it is fish - the staple animal protein source of traditional fishers.

OTEC solves sustainable aquaculture and allows for successful sea colonization

Savage, Professor of English, 1994 
~Marshall, The Millennial Project: Colonizing the Galaxy in Eight Easy Steps, page 33-34, BS~
The pulsing heart of Aquarius is an OTEC (Ocean Thermal Energy Converter). The
AND
rich nutrient broth from the depths and producing millions of tons of protein.

Sea colonization independently solves all extinction threats – makes every impact survivable

Savage, Professor of English, 1994 
~Marshall, The Millennial Project: Colonizing the Galaxy in Eight Easy Steps, page 94-95, BS~
Every space colony is an ark. Aquarius will serve not only as the jumping
AND
— just as in the legends of Atlantis—to recolonize this planet. 

Sea colonies shatter the old zero-sum resource competition paradigm

Savage, Professor of English, 1994 
 (p. 31)
Aquarius- the first sea colony, and all Millenial space colonies that follow her
AND
cybergenic pathway, Life can evolve itself out of its present resource trap. 

Sea colonies create new forms of environmental philosophy—solves their impact

Chamberland, Nuclear Engineer, 2007
~Dennis, Former United States Naval Officer and M.S. in Bioenvironmental engineering @ Oklahoma State, Undersea Colonies: the future of permanent undersea settlements, page 167, JF~
In my dream, each undersea colony will start out on its first day having
AND
occupy a new territory and make it better expressly because they are there.

1AC – Warming

Warming is conclusively real, anthropogenic, and happening fast

Prothero 12 (Donald, Professor of Geology at Occidental College and Lecturer in Geobiology at the California Institute of Technology, March 1, "How We Know Global Warming is Real and Human Caused", EBSCO)
How do we know that global warming is real and primarily human caused? There
AND
pinnacles, but the rest of these drowned cities would lie deep underwater. 

Firstly, warming causes disease spread, droughts, and is worse than nuclear war

Deibel 2007 (Terry, "Foreign Affairs Strategy: Logic of American Statecraft," Conclusion: American Foreign Affairs Strategy Today)
Finally, there is one major existential threat to American security (as well as
AND
States, but potentially to the continued existence of life on this planet.  

Secondly, CO2 emissions will release methane from the tundra and wipe out all life on Earth

Atcheson 04 (John, former Department of Energy senior policy analyst and geologist, has held a variety of policy positions in several federal government agencies "Ticking Time Bomb," December 15, 2004) LK
The Arctic Council's recent report on the effects of global warming in the far north
AND
the mass extinction of life on Earth. We have to act now. 

OTEC solves—increases carbon sequestration, trades off with fossil fuels and increases albedo through sulfate aerosol production—also cools oceans which solves hurricanes which wreck the economy

Dunn and Dhanak et al,  Professors of Ocean and Mechanical Engineering @ Florida Atlantic University, 1997
(Stanley and Manhar, also Patrick Takahashi- Director Emeritus @ Hawaii Natural Energy Institute and Michelle Teng- Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering @ University of Hawaii, "Artificial Upwelling for Environmental Enhancement", Club Des Argonautes Newsletter, Vol 8, No. 4, Winter, http://www.clubdesargonautes.org/otec/vol/vol8-4-1.htm  Accessed 7/12/14)
Relative to fossil or nuclear energy, renewable technologies are mostly friendly to the environment
AND
while, possibly, enhancing the environment, seems like a wise bargain.

Our heuristic of the state means we learn about the State without being it – we are the middle ground – this is offense.

Zanotti 14 
Dr. Laura Zanotti is an Associate Professor of Political Science at Virginia Tech.  Her research and teaching include critical political theory as well as international organizations, UN peacekeeping, democratization and the role of NGOs in post-conflict governance."Governmentality, Ontology, Methodology: Re-thinking Political Agency in the Global World" – Alternatives: Global, Local, Political – vol 38(4):p. 288-304,. A little unclear if this is late 2013 or early 2014 – The Stated "Version of Record" is Feb 20, 2014, but was originally published online on December 30th, 2013. Obtained via Sage Database.
By questioning substantialist representations of power and subjects, inquiries on the possibilities of political
AND
not to apathy but to hyper- and pessimistic activism.''84
 

Even if discourse focus is important, reality exists and their meta-theoretical philosophizing hampers action

Lipschutz 11 (Ronnie Lipschutz, Professor of Politics at UC Santa Cruz, "Cal Round Robin – Policy," video, post-round criticism of the final round of the California Round Robin at the College Preparatory School in Oakland, CA, in which the Georgetown Day School went for a Foucaultian critique of knowledge production against Damien High School's conventional deterrence affirmative, February 18, transcribed by Josh Clark, debate coach at the University of Michigan, http://nfltv.org/2011/02/24/cal-round-robin-policy/)
RONNIE LIPSCHUTZ: Well, many, many years ago…one day when I
AND
debate, you should probably take a look at Bourdieu. I'm done.

Tournament: Cal Berkeley | Round: 6 | Opponent: Bingham SW | Judge: Bill Wilson

THE HAMMER

1AC – Plan

Text: The United States federal government should develop and deploy ocean thermal energy conversion technology.

1AC - Solvency

Federal support for OTEC RandD is lacking now—that support is key to OTEC commercialization

Avery, former director of ocean energy programs, and Berl, a member of the principal staff at APL, 2013
~William, Walter, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, 11/27, "Solar Energy from the Tropical Oceans," http://issues.org/14-2/avery-2/, 6/27/14, BS~
Long neglected, ocean thermal energy conversion deserves renewed attention and federal support. The
AND
make it possible to have significant OTEC commercial operation by the year 2050.

Federal funding attracts investment for commercial scale OTEC

Robert Cohen, specialist in ocean thermal energy since 1973, when he organized the initial federal ocean thermal RandD program, 2008
(Ph.D. in electrical engineering from Cornell University, "Proposal to Reactivate the DOE Ocean Thermal Energy RandD Program", April 10, http://push.pickensplan.com/forum/topic/show?id=2187034:Topic:201120 Accessed 7/12/14)
A. TWO JOINT INDUSTRY/GOVERNMENT VENTURES (@ 50 PER PARTNER) ~
AND
OTEC-derived electricity would replace electricity that is presently oil-derived.

The US can take advantage of the expertise and knowledge acquired during previous R and D efforts and incorporate new innovations

Robert Cohen, specialist in ocean thermal energy since 1973, when he organized the initial federal ocean thermal RandD program, 2008
(Ph.D. in electrical engineering from Cornell University, "Proposal to Reactivate the DOE Ocean Thermal Energy RandD Program", April 10, http://push.pickensplan.com/forum/topic/show?id=2187034:Topic:201120 Accessed 7/12/14)
This is to propose that the DOE Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) R
AND
andD policy. A draft three-year reactivation budget is attached.

1AC – Scarcity

Rising demand and climate change will collapse food production by 2050—deep ocean water from OTEC is key to sustainable aquaculture

Websdale, an environmental journalist and senior communications specialist for renewable energy provider, OTE Corporation, 14
~Emma, 2/24/14, Empower the Ocean, "The Promise of OTEC Aquaculture," http://empowertheocean.com/otec-aquaculture/, accessed 6/24/14, TYBG~
In a time of declining wild fish stocks and growing fish demand – which currently
AND
enhances the livelihoods of the millions of people who depend upon our oceans.

Scarcity guarantees conflict—it's an impact multiplier—their defense is not predictive

Klare 2013(Michael, professor of peace and world security studies at Hampshire College and defense correspondent for The Nation, 2013, " How Resource Scarcity and Climate Change Could Produce a Global Explosion", http://www.thenation.com/article/173967/how-resource-scarcity-and-climate-change-could-produce-global-explosion)
Brace yourself. You may not be able to tell yet, but according to
AND
mobilize new investments, tensions over water may erupt into more open confrontations."

Food shortages cause extinction—laundry list of impacts

Cribb, fellow of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering, 10
~Julian, The Coming Famine, pg. 9, FCB~
The character of human conflict has also changed: since the early 1990s, more
AND
future food shortages are a far bigger world threat than global warming."20

Aquaculture is integral to world food security

FAO, United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, 2005
~5-27-05, United Nations, "Contribution of aquaculture to food security," http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/14886/en, 6-25-14, IC~
Fish contributes to national food self-sufficiency through direct consumption and through trade and
AND
, it is fish - the staple animal protein source of traditional fishers.

OTEC solves sustainable aquaculture and allows for successful sea colonization

Savage, Professor of English, 1994 
~Marshall, The Millennial Project: Colonizing the Galaxy in Eight Easy Steps, page 33-34, BS~
The pulsing heart of Aquarius is an OTEC (Ocean Thermal Energy Converter). The
AND
rich nutrient broth from the depths and producing millions of tons of protein.

Sea colonization independently solves all extinction threats – makes every impact survivable

Savage, Professor of English, 1994 
~Marshall, The Millennial Project: Colonizing the Galaxy in Eight Easy Steps, page 94-95, BS~
Every space colony is an ark. Aquarius will serve not only as the jumping
AND
— just as in the legends of Atlantis—to recolonize this planet. 

Sea colonies shatter the old zero-sum resource competition paradigm

Savage, Professor of English, 1994 
 (p. 31)
Aquarius- the first sea colony, and all Millenial space colonies that follow her
AND
cybergenic pathway, Life can evolve itself out of its present resource trap. 

Sea colonies create new forms of environmental philosophy—solves their impact

Chamberland, Nuclear Engineer, 2007
~Dennis, Former United States Naval Officer and M.S. in Bioenvironmental engineering @ Oklahoma State, Undersea Colonies: the future of permanent undersea settlements, page 167, JF~
In my dream, each undersea colony will start out on its first day having
AND
occupy a new territory and make it better expressly because they are there.

1AC – Warming

Warming is conclusively real, anthropogenic, and happening fast

Prothero 12 (Donald, Professor of Geology at Occidental College and Lecturer in Geobiology at the California Institute of Technology, March 1, "How We Know Global Warming is Real and Human Caused", EBSCO)
How do we know that global warming is real and primarily human caused? There
AND
pinnacles, but the rest of these drowned cities would lie deep underwater. 

Firstly, warming causes disease spread, droughts, and is worse than nuclear war

Deibel 2007 (Terry, "Foreign Affairs Strategy: Logic of American Statecraft," Conclusion: American Foreign Affairs Strategy Today)
Finally, there is one major existential threat to American security (as well as
AND
States, but potentially to the continued existence of life on this planet.  

Secondly, CO2 emissions will release methane from the tundra and wipe out all life on Earth

Atcheson 04 (John, former Department of Energy senior policy analyst and geologist, has held a variety of policy positions in several federal government agencies "Ticking Time Bomb," December 15, 2004) LK
The Arctic Council's recent report on the effects of global warming in the far north
AND
the mass extinction of life on Earth. We have to act now. 

OTEC solves—increases carbon sequestration, trades off with fossil fuels and increases albedo through sulfate aerosol production—also cools oceans which solves hurricanes which wreck the economy

Dunn and Dhanak et al,  Professors of Ocean and Mechanical Engineering @ Florida Atlantic University, 1997
(Stanley and Manhar, also Patrick Takahashi- Director Emeritus @ Hawaii Natural Energy Institute and Michelle Teng- Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering @ University of Hawaii, "Artificial Upwelling for Environmental Enhancement", Club Des Argonautes Newsletter, Vol 8, No. 4, Winter, http://www.clubdesargonautes.org/otec/vol/vol8-4-1.htm  Accessed 7/12/14)
Relative to fossil or nuclear energy, renewable technologies are mostly friendly to the environment
AND
while, possibly, enhancing the environment, seems like a wise bargain.

Our heuristic of the state means we learn about the State without being it – we are the middle ground – this is offense.

Zanotti 14 
Dr. Laura Zanotti is an Associate Professor of Political Science at Virginia Tech.  Her research and teaching include critical political theory as well as international organizations, UN peacekeeping, democratization and the role of NGOs in post-conflict governance."Governmentality, Ontology, Methodology: Re-thinking Political Agency in the Global World" – Alternatives: Global, Local, Political – vol 38(4):p. 288-304,. A little unclear if this is late 2013 or early 2014 – The Stated "Version of Record" is Feb 20, 2014, but was originally published online on December 30th, 2013. Obtained via Sage Database.
By questioning substantialist representations of power and subjects, inquiries on the possibilities of political
AND
not to apathy but to hyper- and pessimistic activism.''84
 

Even if discourse focus is important, reality exists and their meta-theoretical philosophizing hampers action

Lipschutz 11 (Ronnie Lipschutz, Professor of Politics at UC Santa Cruz, "Cal Round Robin – Policy," video, post-round criticism of the final round of the California Round Robin at the College Preparatory School in Oakland, CA, in which the Georgetown Day School went for a Foucaultian critique of knowledge production against Damien High School's conventional deterrence affirmative, February 18, transcribed by Josh Clark, debate coach at the University of Michigan, http://nfltv.org/2011/02/24/cal-round-robin-policy/)
RONNIE LIPSCHUTZ: Well, many, many years ago…one day when I
AND
debate, you should probably take a look at Bourdieu. I'm done.

Tournament: Cal Berkeley | Round: Triples | Opponent: Edina RS | Judge: Bill Smelko, Gerard Grigsby, Sam Shore

THE HAMMER

1AC – Plan

Text: The United States federal government should develop and deploy ocean thermal energy conversion technology.

1AC - Solvency

Federal support for OTEC RandD is lacking now—that support is key to OTEC commercialization

Avery, former director of ocean energy programs, and Berl, a member of the principal staff at APL, 2013
~William, Walter, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, 11/27, "Solar Energy from the Tropical Oceans," http://issues.org/14-2/avery-2/, 6/27/14, BS~
Long neglected, ocean thermal energy conversion deserves renewed attention and federal support. The
AND
make it possible to have significant OTEC commercial operation by the year 2050.

Federal funding attracts investment for commercial scale OTEC

Robert Cohen, specialist in ocean thermal energy since 1973, when he organized the initial federal ocean thermal RandD program, 2008
(Ph.D. in electrical engineering from Cornell University, "Proposal to Reactivate the DOE Ocean Thermal Energy RandD Program", April 10, http://push.pickensplan.com/forum/topic/show?id=2187034:Topic:201120 Accessed 7/12/14)
A. TWO JOINT INDUSTRY/GOVERNMENT VENTURES (@ 50 PER PARTNER) ~
AND
OTEC-derived electricity would replace electricity that is presently oil-derived.

The US can take advantage of the expertise and knowledge acquired during previous R and D efforts and incorporate new innovations

Robert Cohen, specialist in ocean thermal energy since 1973, when he organized the initial federal ocean thermal RandD program, 2008
(Ph.D. in electrical engineering from Cornell University, "Proposal to Reactivate the DOE Ocean Thermal Energy RandD Program", April 10, http://push.pickensplan.com/forum/topic/show?id=2187034:Topic:201120 Accessed 7/12/14)
This is to propose that the DOE Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) R
AND
andD policy. A draft three-year reactivation budget is attached.

1AC – Scarcity

Rising demand and climate change will collapse food production by 2050—deep ocean water from OTEC is key to sustainable aquaculture

Websdale, an environmental journalist and senior communications specialist for renewable energy provider, OTE Corporation, 14
~Emma, 2/24/14, Empower the Ocean, "The Promise of OTEC Aquaculture," http://empowertheocean.com/otec-aquaculture/, accessed 6/24/14, TYBG~
In a time of declining wild fish stocks and growing fish demand – which currently
AND
enhances the livelihoods of the millions of people who depend upon our oceans.

Scarcity guarantees conflict—it's an impact multiplier—their defense is not predictive

Klare 2013(Michael, professor of peace and world security studies at Hampshire College and defense correspondent for The Nation, 2013, " How Resource Scarcity and Climate Change Could Produce a Global Explosion", http://www.thenation.com/article/173967/how-resource-scarcity-and-climate-change-could-produce-global-explosion)
Brace yourself. You may not be able to tell yet, but according to
AND
mobilize new investments, tensions over water may erupt into more open confrontations."

Food shortages cause extinction—laundry list of impacts

Cribb, fellow of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering, 10
~Julian, The Coming Famine, pg. 9, FCB~
The character of human conflict has also changed: since the early 1990s, more
AND
future food shortages are a far bigger world threat than global warming."20

Aquaculture is integral to world food security

FAO, United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, 2005
~5-27-05, United Nations, "Contribution of aquaculture to food security," http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/14886/en, 6-25-14, IC~
Fish contributes to national food self-sufficiency through direct consumption and through trade and
AND
, it is fish - the staple animal protein source of traditional fishers.

OTEC solves sustainable aquaculture and allows for successful sea colonization

Savage, Professor of English, 1994 
~Marshall, The Millennial Project: Colonizing the Galaxy in Eight Easy Steps, page 33-34, BS~
The pulsing heart of Aquarius is an OTEC (Ocean Thermal Energy Converter). The
AND
rich nutrient broth from the depths and producing millions of tons of protein.

Sea colonization independently solves all extinction threats – makes every impact survivable

Savage, Professor of English, 1994 
~Marshall, The Millennial Project: Colonizing the Galaxy in Eight Easy Steps, page 94-95, BS~
Every space colony is an ark. Aquarius will serve not only as the jumping
AND
— just as in the legends of Atlantis—to recolonize this planet. 

Sea colonies shatter the old zero-sum resource competition paradigm

Savage, Professor of English, 1994 
 (p. 31)
Aquarius- the first sea colony, and all Millenial space colonies that follow her
AND
cybergenic pathway, Life can evolve itself out of its present resource trap. 

Sea colonies create new forms of environmental philosophy—solves their impact

Chamberland, Nuclear Engineer, 2007
~Dennis, Former United States Naval Officer and M.S. in Bioenvironmental engineering @ Oklahoma State, Undersea Colonies: the future of permanent undersea settlements, page 167, JF~
In my dream, each undersea colony will start out on its first day having
AND
occupy a new territory and make it better expressly because they are there.

1AC – Warming

Warming is conclusively real, anthropogenic, and happening fast

Prothero 12 (Donald, Professor of Geology at Occidental College and Lecturer in Geobiology at the California Institute of Technology, March 1, "How We Know Global Warming is Real and Human Caused", EBSCO)
How do we know that global warming is real and primarily human caused? There
AND
pinnacles, but the rest of these drowned cities would lie deep underwater. 

Firstly, warming causes disease spread, droughts, and is worse than nuclear war

Deibel 2007 (Terry, "Foreign Affairs Strategy: Logic of American Statecraft," Conclusion: American Foreign Affairs Strategy Today)
Finally, there is one major existential threat to American security (as well as
AND
States, but potentially to the continued existence of life on this planet.  

Secondly, CO2 emissions will release methane from the tundra and wipe out all life on Earth

Atcheson 04 (John, former Department of Energy senior policy analyst and geologist, has held a variety of policy positions in several federal government agencies "Ticking Time Bomb," December 15, 2004) LK
The Arctic Council's recent report on the effects of global warming in the far north
AND
the mass extinction of life on Earth. We have to act now. 

OTEC solves—increases carbon sequestration, trades off with fossil fuels and increases albedo through sulfate aerosol production—also cools oceans which solves hurricanes which wreck the economy

Dunn and Dhanak et al,  Professors of Ocean and Mechanical Engineering @ Florida Atlantic University, 1997
(Stanley and Manhar, also Patrick Takahashi- Director Emeritus @ Hawaii Natural Energy Institute and Michelle Teng- Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering @ University of Hawaii, "Artificial Upwelling for Environmental Enhancement", Club Des Argonautes Newsletter, Vol 8, No. 4, Winter, http://www.clubdesargonautes.org/otec/vol/vol8-4-1.htm  Accessed 7/12/14)
Relative to fossil or nuclear energy, renewable technologies are mostly friendly to the environment
AND
while, possibly, enhancing the environment, seems like a wise bargain.

Our heuristic of the state means we learn about the State without being it – we are the middle ground – this is offense.

Zanotti 14 
Dr. Laura Zanotti is an Associate Professor of Political Science at Virginia Tech.  Her research and teaching include critical political theory as well as international organizations, UN peacekeeping, democratization and the role of NGOs in post-conflict governance."Governmentality, Ontology, Methodology: Re-thinking Political Agency in the Global World" – Alternatives: Global, Local, Political – vol 38(4):p. 288-304,. A little unclear if this is late 2013 or early 2014 – The Stated "Version of Record" is Feb 20, 2014, but was originally published online on December 30th, 2013. Obtained via Sage Database.
By questioning substantialist representations of power and subjects, inquiries on the possibilities of political
AND
not to apathy but to hyper- and pessimistic activism.''84
 

Even if discourse focus is important, reality exists and their meta-theoretical philosophizing hampers action

Lipschutz 11 (Ronnie Lipschutz, Professor of Politics at UC Santa Cruz, "Cal Round Robin – Policy," video, post-round criticism of the final round of the California Round Robin at the College Preparatory School in Oakland, CA, in which the Georgetown Day School went for a Foucaultian critique of knowledge production against Damien High School's conventional deterrence affirmative, February 18, transcribed by Josh Clark, debate coach at the University of Michigan, http://nfltv.org/2011/02/24/cal-round-robin-policy/)
RONNIE LIPSCHUTZ: Well, many, many years ago…one day when I
AND
debate, you should probably take a look at Bourdieu. I'm done.

Tournament: CSU Fullerton | Round: 3 | Opponent: Alliance Stern Math and Science AA | Judge: CJ Morton

Plan

The United States federal government should substantially increase its development of ocean thermal energy resources by:

-Streamlining the regulatory framework for ocean thermal energy projects to permit "one-stop shop" licensing by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,

-Reactivating the dedicated budget line item for Department of Energy research and development of ocean thermal energy conversion, and

-Providing federal cost-sharing to develop prototype OTEC commercial electric plants.

CONTENTION ONE IS SOLVENCY

Federal support for OTEC RandD is lacking now—that support is key to OTEC commercialization—OTEC is effective, cost-competitive, provides nutrients for marine life, reduces oil imports, and solves CO2 emissions

Avery, former director of ocean energy programs, and Berl, a member of the principal staff at APL, 2013
~William, Walter, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, 11/27, "Solar Energy from the Tropical Oceans," http://issues.org/14-2/avery-2/, 6/27/14, BS~
Long neglected, ocean thermal energy conversion deserves renewed attention and federal support. The
AND
make it possible to have significant OTEC commercial operation by the year 2050.

Regulatory uncertainty is the largest obstacle to OTEC - creating a "one-stop shop" for OTEC licensing is essential to ocean energy development.

Todd Griset, J.D. and Masters in Environmental Studies @ UPenn, currently practices law with Preti Flaherty's Energy and Telecommunications Group, 2011
Ocean and Coastal Law Journal, 16 Ocean and Coastal L.J. 395
AND
promoting regulatory certainty would do much to promote their cost-effective development.

Federal cost-sharing attracts investment for commercial scale OTEC

Robert Cohen, specialist in ocean thermal energy since 1973, when he organized the initial federal ocean thermal RandD program, 2008
(Ph.D. in electrical engineering from Cornell University, "Proposal to Reactivate the DOE Ocean Thermal Energy RandD Program", April 10, http://push.pickensplan.com/forum/topic/show?id=2187034:Topic:201120 Accessed 7/12/14)
A. TWO JOINT INDUSTRY/GOVERNMENT VENTURES (@ 50 PER PARTNER) ~
AND
OTEC-derived electricity would replace electricity that is presently oil-derived.

Explicit federal government subsidies and development of a pilot plant are key to scaling up to commercializable sizes

Robert Cohen, specialist in ocean thermal energy since 1973, when he organized the initial federal ocean thermal RandD program, 2010
("Response to Comments Re: Ocean Thermal Energy Posted on the R-Squared Energy Blog", February 16, https://robertrapier.wordpress.com/category/ocean-thermal-energy-conversion/ Accessed: 7/12/14)
Assuming that LM can achieve that energy-cost target—a busbar cost of
AND
be venture capital, and investment tax credits would offer an additional incentive.

Reactivating the line item for OTEC R and D allows the US to take advantage of the expertise and technical know-how acquired during previous R and D efforts.

Robert Cohen, specialist in ocean thermal energy since 1973, when he organized the initial federal ocean thermal RandD program, 2008
(Ph.D. in electrical engineering from Cornell University, "Proposal to Reactivate the DOE Ocean Thermal Energy RandD Program", April 10, http://push.pickensplan.com/forum/topic/show?id=2187034:Topic:201120 Accessed 7/12/14)
This is to propose that the DOE Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) R
AND
andD policy. A draft three-year reactivation budget is attached.

CONTENTION TWO IS AQUACULTURES

Rising demand and climate change will collapse food production by 2050—deep ocean water from OTEC is key to sustainable aquaculture

Websdale, an environmental journalist and senior communications specialist for renewable energy provider, OTE Corporation, 14
~Emma, 2/24/14, Empower the Ocean, "The Promise of OTEC Aquaculture," http://empowertheocean.com/otec-aquaculture/, accessed 6/24/14, TYBG~
In a time of declining wild fish stocks and growing fish demand – which currently
AND
enhances the livelihoods of the millions of people who depend upon our oceans.

Scarcity guarantees conflict—it's an impact multiplier—their defense is not predictive

Klare 2013(Michael, professor of peace and world security studies at Hampshire College and defense correspondent for The Nation, 2013, " How Resource Scarcity and Climate Change Could Produce a Global Explosion", http://www.thenation.com/article/173967/how-resource-scarcity-and-climate-change-could-produce-global-explosion)
Brace yourself. You may not be able to tell yet, but according to
AND
mobilize new investments, tensions over water may erupt into more open confrontations."

Food shortages cause extinction—laundry list of impacts

Cribb, fellow of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering, 10
~Julian, The Coming Famine, pg. 9, FCB~
The character of human conflict has also changed: since the early 1990s, more
AND
future food shortages are a far bigger world threat than global warming."20

Aquaculture is integral to world food security

FAO, United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, 2005
~5-27-05, United Nations, "Contribution of aquaculture to food security," http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/14886/en, 6-25-14, IC~
Fish contributes to national food self-sufficiency through direct consumption and through trade and
AND
, it is fish - the staple animal protein source of traditional fishers.

OTEC solves sustainable aquaculture and allows for successful sea colonization

Savage, Professor of English, 1994 
~Marshall, The Millennial Project: Colonizing the Galaxy in Eight Easy Steps, page 33-34, BS~
The pulsing heart of Aquarius is an OTEC (Ocean Thermal Energy Converter). The
AND
rich nutrient broth from the depths and producing millions of tons of protein.

Sea colonization independently solves all extinction threats – makes every impact survivable

Savage, Professor of English, 1994 
~Marshall, The Millennial Project: Colonizing the Galaxy in Eight Easy Steps, page 94-95, BS~
Every space colony is an ark. Aquarius will serve not only as the jumping
AND
— just as in the legends of Atlantis—to recolonize this planet. 

Sea colonies shatter the old zero-sum resource competition paradigm

Savage, Professor of English, 1994 
 (p. 31)
Aquarius- the first sea colony, and all Millenial space colonies that follow her
AND
cybergenic pathway, Life can evolve itself out of its present resource trap. 

CONTENTION THREE IS CLIMATE CHANGE

Every data method and prediction model indicates fast anthropogenic warming – all alternative explanations are flawed – CO2 is the driving factor

Geological Society of America 2013
(The Geological Society of America, Adopted in October 2006; revised April 2010; March 2013, citing dozens of peer-reviewed publications, "Climate Change: Rationale", http://www.geosociety.org/positions/position10.htm, Accessed: 6/25/14) AMM
Scientific advances in the first decade of the 21st century have greatly reduced previous uncertainties
AND
on ocean life are projected to last for tens of thousands of years.

Warming causes extinction—scholarly consensus proves it's real, anthropogenic, and outweighs all other impacts

Deibel 2007 (Terry, "Foreign Affairs Strategy: Logic of American Statecraft," Conclusion: American Foreign Affairs Strategy Today)
Finally, there is one major existential threat to American security (as well as
AND
States, but potentially to the continued existence of life on this planet.  

OTEC solves global warming—increases carbon sequestration, trades off with fossil fuels and increases albedo through sulfate aerosol production—also cools oceans which solves hurricanes which wreck the economy

Dunn and Dhanak et al,  Professors of Ocean and Mechanical Engineering @ Florida Atlantic University, 1997
(Stanley and Manhar, also Patrick Takahashi- Director Emeritus @ Hawaii Natural Energy Institute and Michelle Teng- Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering @ University of Hawaii, "Artificial Upwelling for Environmental Enhancement", Club Des Argonautes Newsletter, Vol 8, No. 4, Winter, http://www.clubdesargonautes.org/otec/vol/vol8-4-1.htm  Accessed 7/12/14)
Relative to fossil or nuclear energy, renewable technologies are mostly friendly to the environment
AND
while, possibly, enhancing the environment, seems like a wise bargain.

Economic decline leads to global conflict

Royal 10 – Jedediah Royal, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, 2010, "Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises," in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215
Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
AND
such, the view presented here should be considered ancillary to those views.

Tournament: CSU Fullerton | Round: 6 | Opponent: Damien AJ | Judge: Brandon Dixon

Plan

The United States federal government should substantially increase its development of ocean thermal energy resources by:

-Streamlining the regulatory framework for ocean thermal energy projects to permit "one-stop shop" licensing by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,

-Reactivating the dedicated budget line item for Department of Energy research and development of ocean thermal energy conversion, and

-Providing federal cost-sharing to develop prototype OTEC commercial electric plants.

CONTENTION ONE IS SOLVENCY

Federal support for OTEC RandD is lacking now—that support is key to OTEC commercialization—OTEC is effective, cost-competitive, provides nutrients for marine life, reduces oil imports, and solves CO2 emissions

Avery, former director of ocean energy programs, and Berl, a member of the principal staff at APL, 2013
~William, Walter, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, 11/27, "Solar Energy from the Tropical Oceans," http://issues.org/14-2/avery-2/, 6/27/14, BS~
Long neglected, ocean thermal energy conversion deserves renewed attention and federal support. The
AND
make it possible to have significant OTEC commercial operation by the year 2050.

Regulatory uncertainty is the largest obstacle to OTEC - creating a "one-stop shop" for OTEC licensing is essential to ocean energy development.

Todd Griset, J.D. and Masters in Environmental Studies @ UPenn, currently practices law with Preti Flaherty's Energy and Telecommunications Group, 2011
Ocean and Coastal Law Journal, 16 Ocean and Coastal L.J. 395
AND
promoting regulatory certainty would do much to promote their cost-effective development.

Federal cost-sharing attracts investment for commercial scale OTEC

Robert Cohen, specialist in ocean thermal energy since 1973, when he organized the initial federal ocean thermal RandD program, 2008
(Ph.D. in electrical engineering from Cornell University, "Proposal to Reactivate the DOE Ocean Thermal Energy RandD Program", April 10, http://push.pickensplan.com/forum/topic/show?id=2187034:Topic:201120 Accessed 7/12/14)
A. TWO JOINT INDUSTRY/GOVERNMENT VENTURES (@ 50 PER PARTNER) ~
AND
OTEC-derived electricity would replace electricity that is presently oil-derived.

Explicit federal government subsidies and development of a pilot plant are key to scaling up to commercializable sizes

Robert Cohen, specialist in ocean thermal energy since 1973, when he organized the initial federal ocean thermal RandD program, 2010
("Response to Comments Re: Ocean Thermal Energy Posted on the R-Squared Energy Blog", February 16, https://robertrapier.wordpress.com/category/ocean-thermal-energy-conversion/ Accessed: 7/12/14)
Assuming that LM can achieve that energy-cost target—a busbar cost of
AND
be venture capital, and investment tax credits would offer an additional incentive.

Reactivating the line item for OTEC R and D allows the US to take advantage of the expertise and technical know-how acquired during previous R and D efforts.

Robert Cohen, specialist in ocean thermal energy since 1973, when he organized the initial federal ocean thermal RandD program, 2008
(Ph.D. in electrical engineering from Cornell University, "Proposal to Reactivate the DOE Ocean Thermal Energy RandD Program", April 10, http://push.pickensplan.com/forum/topic/show?id=2187034:Topic:201120 Accessed 7/12/14)
This is to propose that the DOE Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) R
AND
andD policy. A draft three-year reactivation budget is attached.

CONTENTION TWO IS AQUACULTURES

Rising demand and climate change will collapse food production by 2050—deep ocean water from OTEC is key to sustainable aquaculture

Websdale, an environmental journalist and senior communications specialist for renewable energy provider, OTE Corporation, 14
~Emma, 2/24/14, Empower the Ocean, "The Promise of OTEC Aquaculture," http://empowertheocean.com/otec-aquaculture/, accessed 6/24/14, TYBG~
In a time of declining wild fish stocks and growing fish demand – which currently
AND
enhances the livelihoods of the millions of people who depend upon our oceans.

Scarcity guarantees conflict—it's an impact multiplier—their defense is not predictive

Klare 2013(Michael, professor of peace and world security studies at Hampshire College and defense correspondent for The Nation, 2013, " How Resource Scarcity and Climate Change Could Produce a Global Explosion", http://www.thenation.com/article/173967/how-resource-scarcity-and-climate-change-could-produce-global-explosion)
Brace yourself. You may not be able to tell yet, but according to
AND
mobilize new investments, tensions over water may erupt into more open confrontations."

Food shortages cause extinction—laundry list of impacts

Cribb, fellow of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering, 10
~Julian, The Coming Famine, pg. 9, FCB~
The character of human conflict has also changed: since the early 1990s, more
AND
future food shortages are a far bigger world threat than global warming."20

Aquaculture is integral to world food security

FAO, United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, 2005
~5-27-05, United Nations, "Contribution of aquaculture to food security," http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/14886/en, 6-25-14, IC~
Fish contributes to national food self-sufficiency through direct consumption and through trade and
AND
, it is fish - the staple animal protein source of traditional fishers.

OTEC solves sustainable aquaculture and allows for successful sea colonization

Savage, Professor of English, 1994 
~Marshall, The Millennial Project: Colonizing the Galaxy in Eight Easy Steps, page 33-34, BS~
The pulsing heart of Aquarius is an OTEC (Ocean Thermal Energy Converter). The
AND
rich nutrient broth from the depths and producing millions of tons of protein.

Sea colonization independently solves all extinction threats – makes every impact survivable

Savage, Professor of English, 1994 
~Marshall, The Millennial Project: Colonizing the Galaxy in Eight Easy Steps, page 94-95, BS~
Every space colony is an ark. Aquarius will serve not only as the jumping
AND
— just as in the legends of Atlantis—to recolonize this planet. 

Sea colonies shatter the old zero-sum resource competition paradigm

Savage, Professor of English, 1994 
 (p. 31)
Aquarius- the first sea colony, and all Millenial space colonies that follow her
AND
cybergenic pathway, Life can evolve itself out of its present resource trap. 

CONTENTION THREE IS CLIMATE CHANGE

Every data method and prediction model indicates fast anthropogenic warming – all alternative explanations are flawed – CO2 is the driving factor

Geological Society of America 2013
(The Geological Society of America, Adopted in October 2006; revised April 2010; March 2013, citing dozens of peer-reviewed publications, "Climate Change: Rationale", http://www.geosociety.org/positions/position10.htm, Accessed: 6/25/14) AMM
Scientific advances in the first decade of the 21st century have greatly reduced previous uncertainties
AND
on ocean life are projected to last for tens of thousands of years.

Warming causes extinction—scholarly consensus proves it's real, anthropogenic, and outweighs all other impacts

Deibel 2007 (Terry, "Foreign Affairs Strategy: Logic of American Statecraft," Conclusion: American Foreign Affairs Strategy Today)
Finally, there is one major existential threat to American security (as well as
AND
States, but potentially to the continued existence of life on this planet.  

OTEC solves global warming—increases carbon sequestration, trades off with fossil fuels and increases albedo through sulfate aerosol production—also cools oceans which solves hurricanes which wreck the economy

Dunn and Dhanak et al,  Professors of Ocean and Mechanical Engineering @ Florida Atlantic University, 1997
(Stanley and Manhar, also Patrick Takahashi- Director Emeritus @ Hawaii Natural Energy Institute and Michelle Teng- Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering @ University of Hawaii, "Artificial Upwelling for Environmental Enhancement", Club Des Argonautes Newsletter, Vol 8, No. 4, Winter, http://www.clubdesargonautes.org/otec/vol/vol8-4-1.htm  Accessed 7/12/14)
Relative to fossil or nuclear energy, renewable technologies are mostly friendly to the environment
AND
while, possibly, enhancing the environment, seems like a wise bargain.

Economic decline leads to global conflict

Royal 10 – Jedediah Royal, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, 2010, "Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises," in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215
Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
AND
such, the view presented here should be considered ancillary to those views.

Warming is real—99.99 of scientists agree

Jogalekar, chemist interested in the history and philosophy of science, 2014
~Ashutosh, January 10, "About that consensus on global warming: The Curious Wavefunction, Scientific American Blog Network.", Scientific American Global RSS. from http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/the-curious-wavefunction/2014/01/10/about-that-consensus-on-global-warming-9136-agree-one-disagrees/, Retrieved July 3, 2014, WZ~
I just want to highlight this illuminating infographic by James Powell in which, based
AND
based on sound science? The belief stretches your imagination to new lengths.

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 2 | Opponent: Damien AJ | Judge: Scott Phillips

1AC - Solvency

Federal support for OTEC RandD is lacking now—that support is key to OTEC commercialization

Avery, former director of ocean energy programs, and Berl, a member of the principal staff at APL, 2013
~William, Walter, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, 11/27, "Solar Energy from the Tropical Oceans," http://issues.org/14-2/avery-2/, 6/27/14, BS~
Long neglected, ocean thermal energy conversion deserves renewed attention and federal support. The
AND
make it possible to have significant OTEC commercial operation by the year 2050.

Federal funding attracts investment for commercial scale OTEC

Robert Cohen, specialist in ocean thermal energy since 1973, when he organized the initial federal ocean thermal RandD program, 2008
(Ph.D. in electrical engineering from Cornell University, "Proposal to Reactivate the DOE Ocean Thermal Energy RandD Program", April 10, http://push.pickensplan.com/forum/topic/show?id=2187034:Topic:201120 Accessed 7/12/14)
A. TWO JOINT INDUSTRY/GOVERNMENT VENTURES (@ 50 PER PARTNER) ~
AND
OTEC-derived electricity would replace electricity that is presently oil-derived.

The US can take advantage of the expertise and knowledge acquired during previous R and D efforts and incorporate new innovations

Robert Cohen, specialist in ocean thermal energy since 1973, when he organized the initial federal ocean thermal RandD program, 2008
(Ph.D. in electrical engineering from Cornell University, "Proposal to Reactivate the DOE Ocean Thermal Energy RandD Program", April 10, http://push.pickensplan.com/forum/topic/show?id=2187034:Topic:201120 Accessed 7/12/14)
This is to propose that the DOE Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) R
AND
andD policy. A draft three-year reactivation budget is attached.

1AC – Plan

Text: The United States federal government should develop and deploy ocean thermal energy conversion technology.

1AC – Scarcity

Rising demand and climate change will collapse food production by 2050—deep ocean water from OTEC is key to sustainable aquaculture

Websdale, an environmental journalist and senior communications specialist for renewable energy provider, OTE Corporation, 14
~Emma, 2/24/14, Empower the Ocean, "The Promise of OTEC Aquaculture," http://empowertheocean.com/otec-aquaculture/, accessed 6/24/14, TYBG~
In a time of declining wild fish stocks and growing fish demand – which currently
AND
enhances the livelihoods of the millions of people who depend upon our oceans.

Scarcity guarantees conflict—it's an impact multiplier—their defense is not predictive

Klare 2013(Michael, professor of peace and world security studies at Hampshire College and defense correspondent for The Nation, 2013, " How Resource Scarcity and Climate Change Could Produce a Global Explosion", http://www.thenation.com/article/173967/how-resource-scarcity-and-climate-change-could-produce-global-explosion)
Brace yourself. You may not be able to tell yet, but according to
AND
mobilize new investments, tensions over water may erupt into more open confrontations."

Food shortages cause extinction—laundry list of impacts

Cribb, fellow of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering, 10
~Julian, The Coming Famine, pg. 9, FCB~
The character of human conflict has also changed: since the early 1990s, more
AND
future food shortages are a far bigger world threat than global warming."20

Aquaculture is integral to world food security

FAO, United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, 2005
~5-27-05, United Nations, "Contribution of aquaculture to food security," http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/14886/en, 6-25-14, IC~
Fish contributes to national food self-sufficiency through direct consumption and through trade and
AND
, it is fish - the staple animal protein source of traditional fishers.

OTEC solves sustainable aquaculture and allows for successful sea colonization

Savage, Professor of English, 1994 
~Marshall, The Millennial Project: Colonizing the Galaxy in Eight Easy Steps, page 33-34, BS~
The pulsing heart of Aquarius is an OTEC (Ocean Thermal Energy Converter). The
AND
rich nutrient broth from the depths and producing millions of tons of protein.

Sea colonization independently solves all extinction threats – makes every impact survivable

Savage, Professor of English, 1994 
~Marshall, The Millennial Project: Colonizing the Galaxy in Eight Easy Steps, page 94-95, BS~
Every space colony is an ark. Aquarius will serve not only as the jumping
AND
— just as in the legends of Atlantis—to recolonize this planet. 

Sea colonies shatter the old zero-sum resource competition paradigm

Savage, Professor of English, 1994 
 (p. 31)
Aquarius- the first sea colony, and all Millenial space colonies that follow her
AND
cybergenic pathway, Life can evolve itself out of its present resource trap. 

Sea colonies create new forms of environmental philosophy—solves their impact

Chamberland, Nuclear Engineer, 2007
~Dennis, Former United States Naval Officer and M.S. in Bioenvironmental engineering @ Oklahoma State, Undersea Colonies: the future of permanent undersea settlements, page 167, JF~
In my dream, each undersea colony will start out on its first day having
AND
occupy a new territory and make it better expressly because they are there.

1AC – Warming

Anthropogenic warming is happening – Positive feedback loops prove – and renewables shift isn't happening

Jamail 14
(Dahr, Truthout staff reporter, won the Martha Gellhorn Award for Investigative Journalism, among other awards, "Are Humans Going Extinct?" http://truth-out.org/news/item/27714-are-humans-going-extinct, accessed 12/27/14 LK)
Coal will likely overtake oil as the dominant energy source by 2017, and without
AND
believed possible - even in the course of just the next few decades.

Tipping points will begin to be surpassed as early as 5 years from now – makes the plan try or die

Bernstein, Writer and Climate Researcher for the WashingtonPost, 13
(Lenny, October 9, 2013, JapanTimes, from WashingtonPost, "Earth's climate change tipping point to start in 2020, new model predicts", http://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2013/10/10/environment/earths-climate-change-tipping-point-to-start-in-2020-new-model-predicts/~~#.U6tDxvldXVp, Accessed: 6/25/14) AMM
WASHINGTON – Locations around the globe will soon reach climatic tipping points, with some
AND
a planet that is warming at an accelerated pace because of human activity.

Firstly, warming causes disease spread, droughts, and is worse than nuclear war

Deibel 2007 (Terry, "Foreign Affairs Strategy: Logic of American Statecraft," Conclusion: American Foreign Affairs Strategy Today)
Finally, there is one major existential threat to American security (as well as
AND
States, but potentially to the continued existence of life on this planet.  

Secondly, CO2 emissions will release methane from the tundra and wipe out all life on Earth

Atcheson 04 (John, former Department of Energy senior policy analyst and geologist, has held a variety of policy positions in several federal government agencies "Ticking Time Bomb," December 15, 2004) LK
The Arctic Council's recent report on the effects of global warming in the far north
AND
the mass extinction of life on Earth. We have to act now. 

Adaptation fails – warming is just too extreme

Stabinsky 12 ~Doreen, Professor at College of the Atlantic USA, compiled for WWF International Global Climate and Energy Initiative, "Tackling the Limits to Adaptation: An International Framework to Address 'Loss and Damage' From Climate Change Impacts", November 2012;  http://www.careclimatechange.org/files/Doha_COP_18/tackling_the_limits_lr.pdf~~~~
When mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions by responsible countries is insufficient to "prevent dangerous
AND
from non-productive lands will lose their homes, culture and community.

OTEC solves—increases carbon sequestration, trades off with fossil fuels and increases albedo through sulfate aerosol production—also cools oceans which solves hurricanes which wreck the economy

Dunn and Dhanak et al,  Professors of Ocean and Mechanical Engineering @ Florida Atlantic University, 1997
(Stanley and Manhar, also Patrick Takahashi- Director Emeritus @ Hawaii Natural Energy Institute and Michelle Teng- Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering @ University of Hawaii, "Artificial Upwelling for Environmental Enhancement", Club Des Argonautes Newsletter, Vol 8, No. 4, Winter, http://www.clubdesargonautes.org/otec/vol/vol8-4-1.htm  Accessed 7/12/14)
Relative to fossil or nuclear energy, renewable technologies are mostly friendly to the environment
AND
be beneficial in numerous ways(Takahashi and Ertekin, 1996), including:

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 3 | Opponent: Rowland Hall GW | Judge: Donny Peters

1AC

1AC - Solvency

Federal support for OTEC RandD is lacking now—that support is key to OTEC commercialization

Avery, former director of ocean energy programs, and Berl, a member of the principal staff at APL, 2013
~William, Walter, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, 11/27, "Solar Energy from the Tropical Oceans," http://issues.org/14-2/avery-2/, 6/27/14, BS~
Long neglected, ocean thermal energy conversion deserves renewed attention and federal support. The
AND
make it possible to have significant OTEC commercial operation by the year 2050.

Federal funding attracts investment for commercial scale OTEC

Robert Cohen, specialist in ocean thermal energy since 1973, when he organized the initial federal ocean thermal RandD program, 2008
(Ph.D. in electrical engineering from Cornell University, "Proposal to Reactivate the DOE Ocean Thermal Energy RandD Program", April 10, http://push.pickensplan.com/forum/topic/show?id=2187034:Topic:201120 Accessed 7/12/14)
A. TWO JOINT INDUSTRY/GOVERNMENT VENTURES (@ 50 PER PARTNER) ~
AND
OTEC-derived electricity would replace electricity that is presently oil-derived.

The US can take advantage of the expertise and knowledge acquired during previous R and D efforts and incorporate new innovations

Robert Cohen, specialist in ocean thermal energy since 1973, when he organized the initial federal ocean thermal RandD program, 2008
(Ph.D. in electrical engineering from Cornell University, "Proposal to Reactivate the DOE Ocean Thermal Energy RandD Program", April 10, http://push.pickensplan.com/forum/topic/show?id=2187034:Topic:201120 Accessed 7/12/14)
This is to propose that the DOE Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) R
AND
andD policy. A draft three-year reactivation budget is attached.

1AC – Plan

Text: The United States federal government should develop and deploy ocean thermal energy conversion technology.

1AC – Scarcity

Rising demand and climate change will collapse food production by 2050—deep ocean water from OTEC is key to sustainable aquaculture

Websdale, an environmental journalist and senior communications specialist for renewable energy provider, OTE Corporation, 14
~Emma, 2/24/14, Empower the Ocean, "The Promise of OTEC Aquaculture," http://empowertheocean.com/otec-aquaculture/, accessed 6/24/14, TYBG~
In a time of declining wild fish stocks and growing fish demand – which currently
AND
enhances the livelihoods of the millions of people who depend upon our oceans.

Scarcity guarantees conflict—it's an impact multiplier—their defense is not predictive

Klare 2013(Michael, professor of peace and world security studies at Hampshire College and defense correspondent for The Nation, 2013, " How Resource Scarcity and Climate Change Could Produce a Global Explosion", http://www.thenation.com/article/173967/how-resource-scarcity-and-climate-change-could-produce-global-explosion)
Brace yourself. You may not be able to tell yet, but according to
AND
mobilize new investments, tensions over water may erupt into more open confrontations."

Food shortages cause extinction—laundry list of impacts

Cribb, fellow of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering, 10
~Julian, The Coming Famine, pg. 9, FCB~
The character of human conflict has also changed: since the early 1990s, more
AND
future food shortages are a far bigger world threat than global warming."20

Aquaculture is integral to world food security

FAO, United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, 2005
~5-27-05, United Nations, "Contribution of aquaculture to food security," http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/14886/en, 6-25-14, IC~
Fish contributes to national food self-sufficiency through direct consumption and through trade and
AND
, it is fish - the staple animal protein source of traditional fishers.

OTEC solves sustainable aquaculture and allows for successful sea colonization

Savage, Professor of English, 1994 
~Marshall, The Millennial Project: Colonizing the Galaxy in Eight Easy Steps, page 33-34, BS~
The pulsing heart of Aquarius is an OTEC (Ocean Thermal Energy Converter). The
AND
rich nutrient broth from the depths and producing millions of tons of protein.

Sea colonization independently solves all extinction threats – makes every impact survivable

Savage, Professor of English, 1994 
~Marshall, The Millennial Project: Colonizing the Galaxy in Eight Easy Steps, page 94-95, BS~
Every space colony is an ark. Aquarius will serve not only as the jumping
AND
— just as in the legends of Atlantis—to recolonize this planet. 

Sea colonies shatter the old zero-sum resource competition paradigm

Savage, Professor of English, 1994 
 (p. 31)
Aquarius- the first sea colony, and all Millenial space colonies that follow her
AND
cybergenic pathway, Life can evolve itself out of its present resource trap. 

Sea colonies create new forms of environmental philosophy—solves their impact

Chamberland, Nuclear Engineer, 2007
~Dennis, Former United States Naval Officer and M.S. in Bioenvironmental engineering @ Oklahoma State, Undersea Colonies: the future of permanent undersea settlements, page 167, JF~
In my dream, each undersea colony will start out on its first day having
AND
occupy a new territory and make it better expressly because they are there.

1AC – Methane Burps

Anthropogenic warming is happening – Positive feedback loops prove – and renewables shift isn't happening

Jamail 14
(Dahr, Truthout staff reporter, won the Martha Gellhorn Award for Investigative Journalism, among other awards, "Are Humans Going Extinct?" http://truth-out.org/news/item/27714-are-humans-going-extinct, accessed 12/27/14 LK)
Coal will likely overtake oil as the dominant energy source by 2017, and without
AND
believed possible - even in the course of just the next few decades.

Tipping points will begin to be surpassed as early as 5 years from now – makes the plan try or die

Bernstein, Writer and Climate Researcher for the WashingtonPost, 13
(Lenny, October 9, 2013, JapanTimes, from WashingtonPost, "Earth's climate change tipping point to start in 2020, new model predicts", http://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2013/10/10/environment/earths-climate-change-tipping-point-to-start-in-2020-new-model-predicts/~~#.U6tDxvldXVp, Accessed: 6/25/14) AMM
WASHINGTON – Locations around the globe will soon reach climatic tipping points, with some
AND
a planet that is warming at an accelerated pace because of human activity.

Firstly, warming causes disease spread, droughts, and is worse than nuclear war

Deibel 2007 (Terry, "Foreign Affairs Strategy: Logic of American Statecraft," Conclusion: American Foreign Affairs Strategy Today)
Finally, there is one major existential threat to American security (as well as
AND
States, but potentially to the continued existence of life on this planet.  

Secondly, CO2 emissions will release methane from the tundra and wipe out all life on Earth

Atcheson 04 (John, former Department of Energy senior policy analyst and geologist, has held a variety of policy positions in several federal government agencies "Ticking Time Bomb," December 15, 2004) LK
The Arctic Council's recent report on the effects of global warming in the far north
AND
the mass extinction of life on Earth. We have to act now. 

Adaptation fails – warming is just too extreme

Stabinsky 12 ~Doreen, Professor at College of the Atlantic USA, compiled for WWF International Global Climate and Energy Initiative, "Tackling the Limits to Adaptation: An International Framework to Address 'Loss and Damage' From Climate Change Impacts", November 2012;  http://www.careclimatechange.org/files/Doha_COP_18/tackling_the_limits_lr.pdf~~~~
When mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions by responsible countries is insufficient to "prevent dangerous
AND
from non-productive lands will lose their homes, culture and community.

OTEC solves—increases carbon sequestration, trades off with fossil fuels and increases albedo through sulfate aerosol production—also cools oceans which solves hurricanes which wreck the economy

Dunn and Dhanak et al,  Professors of Ocean and Mechanical Engineering @ Florida Atlantic University, 1997
(Stanley and Manhar, also Patrick Takahashi- Director Emeritus @ Hawaii Natural Energy Institute and Michelle Teng- Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering @ University of Hawaii, "Artificial Upwelling for Environmental Enhancement", Club Des Argonautes Newsletter, Vol 8, No. 4, Winter, http://www.clubdesargonautes.org/otec/vol/vol8-4-1.htm  Accessed 7/12/14)
Relative to fossil or nuclear energy, renewable technologies are mostly friendly to the environment
AND
be beneficial in numerous ways(Takahashi and Ertekin, 1996), including:

Governmental action is the only way to stop global warming – focusing on individual responsibility trades off

Stavins, Harvard Environmental Economics Program Director, 2010
~Robert N., The Albert Pratt Professor of Business and Government, 4/8/2010, "What's the Proper Role of Individuals and Institutions in Addressing Climate Change?", http://www.robertstavinsblog.org/2010/03/08/whatE28099s-the-proper-role-of-individuals-and-institutions-in-addressing-climate-change/, 7/11/14, TYBG~
Decisions affecting carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, for example, are made primarily
AND
, as well as enlightened political leadership at the national and international levels.

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 5 | Opponent: Hillcrest HO | Judge: Adam Smiley

1AC - Solvency

Federal support for OTEC RandD is lacking now—that support is key to OTEC commercialization

Avery, former director of ocean energy programs, and Berl, a member of the principal staff at APL, 2013
~William, Walter, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, 11/27, "Solar Energy from the Tropical Oceans," http://issues.org/14-2/avery-2/, 6/27/14, BS~
Long neglected, ocean thermal energy conversion deserves renewed attention and federal support. The
AND
make it possible to have significant OTEC commercial operation by the year 2050.

Federal funding attracts investment for commercial scale OTEC

Robert Cohen, specialist in ocean thermal energy since 1973, when he organized the initial federal ocean thermal RandD program, 2008
(Ph.D. in electrical engineering from Cornell University, "Proposal to Reactivate the DOE Ocean Thermal Energy RandD Program", April 10, http://push.pickensplan.com/forum/topic/show?id=2187034:Topic:201120 Accessed 7/12/14)
A. TWO JOINT INDUSTRY/GOVERNMENT VENTURES (@ 50 PER PARTNER) ~
AND
OTEC-derived electricity would replace electricity that is presently oil-derived.

Explicit federal government subsidies and development of a pilot plant are key to scaling up to commercializable sizes

Robert Cohen, specialist in ocean thermal energy since 1973, when he organized the initial federal ocean thermal RandD program, 2010
("Response to Comments Re: Ocean Thermal Energy Posted on the R-Squared Energy Blog", February 16, https://robertrapier.wordpress.com/category/ocean-thermal-energy-conversion/ Accessed: 7/12/14)
Assuming that LM can achieve that energy-cost target—a busbar cost of
AND
be venture capital, and investment tax credits would offer an additional incentive.

The US can take advantage of the expertise and knowledge acquired during previous R and D efforts and incorporate new innovations

Robert Cohen, specialist in ocean thermal energy since 1973, when he organized the initial federal ocean thermal RandD program, 2008
(Ph.D. in electrical engineering from Cornell University, "Proposal to Reactivate the DOE Ocean Thermal Energy RandD Program", April 10, http://push.pickensplan.com/forum/topic/show?id=2187034:Topic:201120 Accessed 7/12/14)
This is to propose that the DOE Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) R
AND
andD policy. A draft three-year reactivation budget is attached.

1AC – Plan

Text: The United States federal government should develop and deploy ocean thermal energy conversion technology.

1AC – Scarcity

Rising demand and climate change will collapse food production by 2050—deep ocean water from OTEC is key to sustainable aquaculture

Websdale, an environmental journalist and senior communications specialist for renewable energy provider, OTE Corporation, 14
~Emma, 2/24/14, Empower the Ocean, "The Promise of OTEC Aquaculture," http://empowertheocean.com/otec-aquaculture/, accessed 6/24/14, TYBG~
In a time of declining wild fish stocks and growing fish demand – which currently
AND
enhances the livelihoods of the millions of people who depend upon our oceans.

Scarcity guarantees conflict—it's an impact multiplier—their defense is not predictive

Klare 2013(Michael, professor of peace and world security studies at Hampshire College and defense correspondent for The Nation, 2013, " How Resource Scarcity and Climate Change Could Produce a Global Explosion", http://www.thenation.com/article/173967/how-resource-scarcity-and-climate-change-could-produce-global-explosion)
Brace yourself. You may not be able to tell yet, but according to
AND
mobilize new investments, tensions over water may erupt into more open confrontations."

Food shortages cause extinction—laundry list of impacts

Cribb, fellow of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering, 10
~Julian, The Coming Famine, pg. 9, FCB~
The character of human conflict has also changed: since the early 1990s, more
AND
future food shortages are a far bigger world threat than global warming."20

Aquaculture is integral to world food security

FAO, United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, 2005
~5-27-05, United Nations, "Contribution of aquaculture to food security," http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/14886/en, 6-25-14, IC~
Fish contributes to national food self-sufficiency through direct consumption and through trade and
AND
, it is fish - the staple animal protein source of traditional fishers.

OTEC solves sustainable aquaculture and allows for successful sea colonization

Savage, Professor of English, 1994 
~Marshall, The Millennial Project: Colonizing the Galaxy in Eight Easy Steps, page 33-34, BS~
The pulsing heart of Aquarius is an OTEC (Ocean Thermal Energy Converter). The
AND
rich nutrient broth from the depths and producing millions of tons of protein.

Sea colonization independently solves all extinction threats – makes every impact survivable

Savage, Professor of English, 1994 
~Marshall, The Millennial Project: Colonizing the Galaxy in Eight Easy Steps, page 94-95, BS~
Every space colony is an ark. Aquarius will serve not only as the jumping
AND
— just as in the legends of Atlantis—to recolonize this planet. 

Sea colonies shatter the old zero-sum resource competition paradigm

Savage, Professor of English, 1994 
 (p. 31)
Aquarius- the first sea colony, and all Millenial space colonies that follow her
AND
cybergenic pathway, Life can evolve itself out of its present resource trap. 

1AC – Warming

Warming is real and anthropogenic – scientific consensus

Prothero, California Institute of Technology Geobiology lecturer, 12
(Donald R., Professor of Geology at Occidental College and Lecturer in Geobiology at the California Institute of Technology, 1-3-12, Skeptic, "How We Know Global Warming is Real and Human Caused", http://www.skeptic.com/eskeptic/12-02-08/, accessed: 6-29-14, CLF)
How do we know that global warming is real and primarily human caused? There
AND
pinnacles, but the rest of these drowned cities would lie deep underwater.

There are 2 independent Impacts -

Firstly, warming causes disease spread, droughts, and is worse than nuclear war

Deibel 2007 (Terry, "Foreign Affairs Strategy: Logic of American Statecraft," Conclusion: American Foreign Affairs Strategy Today)
Finally, there is one major existential threat to American security (as well as
AND
States, but potentially to the continued existence of life on this planet.  

Secondly, CO2 emissions will release methane from the tundra and wipe out all life on Earth

Atcheson 04 (John, former Department of Energy senior policy analyst and geologist, has held a variety of policy positions in several federal government agencies "Ticking Time Bomb," December 15, 2004) LK
The Arctic Council's recent report on the effects of global warming in the far north
AND
the mass extinction of life on Earth. We have to act now. 

Adaptation fails – warming is just too extreme

Stabinsky 12 ~Doreen, Professor at College of the Atlantic USA, compiled for WWF International Global Climate and Energy Initiative, "Tackling the Limits to Adaptation: An International Framework to Address 'Loss and Damage' From Climate Change Impacts", November 2012;  http://www.careclimatechange.org/files/Doha_COP_18/tackling_the_limits_lr.pdf~~~~
When mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions by responsible countries is insufficient to "prevent dangerous
AND
from non-productive lands will lose their homes, culture and community.

OTEC solves—increases carbon sequestration, trades off with fossil fuels and increases albedo through sulfate aerosol production—also cools oceans which solves hurricanes which wreck the economy

Dunn and Dhanak et al,  Professors of Ocean and Mechanical Engineering @ Florida Atlantic University, 1997
(Stanley and Manhar, also Patrick Takahashi- Director Emeritus @ Hawaii Natural Energy Institute and Michelle Teng- Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering @ University of Hawaii, "Artificial Upwelling for Environmental Enhancement", Club Des Argonautes Newsletter, Vol 8, No. 4, Winter, http://www.clubdesargonautes.org/otec/vol/vol8-4-1.htm  Accessed 7/12/14)
Relative to fossil or nuclear energy, renewable technologies are mostly friendly to the environment
AND
while, possibly, enhancing the environment, seems like a wise bargain.

Economic collapse causes war

Royal, director of cooperative threat reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, 2010
~Jedediah, "Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problems of Economic Crises", Economics of War and Peace: Economic, legal and Political Perspectives, ed Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-214~
Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
AND
such, the view presented here should be considered ancillary to those views.

Tournament: La Costa Canyon | Round: 4 | Opponent: University CS | Judge: Joel Su

Plan

The United States federal government should substantially increase its development of ocean thermal energy resources by:

-Streamlining the regulatory framework for ocean thermal energy projects to permit "one-stop shop" licensing by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,

-Reactivating the dedicated budget line item for Department of Energy research and development of ocean thermal energy conversion, and

-Providing federal cost-sharing to develop prototype OTEC commercial electric plants.

CONTENTION ONE IS SOLVENCY

Federal support for OTEC RandD is lacking now—that support is key to OTEC commercialization—OTEC is effective, cost-competitive, provides nutrients for marine life, reduces oil imports, and solves CO2 emissions

Avery, former director of ocean energy programs, and Berl, a member of the principal staff at APL, 2013
~William, Walter, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, 11/27, "Solar Energy from the Tropical Oceans," http://issues.org/14-2/avery-2/, 6/27/14, BS~
Long neglected, ocean thermal energy conversion deserves renewed attention and federal support. The
AND
make it possible to have significant OTEC commercial operation by the year 2050.

Regulatory uncertainty is the largest obstacle to OTEC - creating a "one-stop shop" for OTEC licensing is essential to ocean energy development.

Todd Griset, J.D. and Masters in Environmental Studies @ UPenn, currently practices law with Preti Flaherty's Energy and Telecommunications Group, 2011
Ocean and Coastal Law Journal, 16 Ocean and Coastal L.J. 395
AND
promoting regulatory certainty would do much to promote their cost-effective development.

Federal cost-sharing attracts investment for commercial scale OTEC

Robert Cohen, specialist in ocean thermal energy since 1973, when he organized the initial federal ocean thermal RandD program, 2008
(Ph.D. in electrical engineering from Cornell University, "Proposal to Reactivate the DOE Ocean Thermal Energy RandD Program", April 10, http://push.pickensplan.com/forum/topic/show?id=2187034:Topic:201120 Accessed 7/12/14)
A. TWO JOINT INDUSTRY/GOVERNMENT VENTURES (@ 50 PER PARTNER) ~
AND
OTEC-derived electricity would replace electricity that is presently oil-derived.

Explicit federal government subsidies and development of a pilot plant are key to scaling up to commercializable sizes

Robert Cohen, specialist in ocean thermal energy since 1973, when he organized the initial federal ocean thermal RandD program, 2010
("Response to Comments Re: Ocean Thermal Energy Posted on the R-Squared Energy Blog", February 16, https://robertrapier.wordpress.com/category/ocean-thermal-energy-conversion/ Accessed: 7/12/14)
Assuming that LM can achieve that energy-cost target—a busbar cost of
AND
be venture capital, and investment tax credits would offer an additional incentive.

Reactivating the line item for OTEC R and D allows the US to take advantage of the expertise and technical know-how acquired during previous R and D efforts.

Robert Cohen, specialist in ocean thermal energy since 1973, when he organized the initial federal ocean thermal RandD program, 2008
(Ph.D. in electrical engineering from Cornell University, "Proposal to Reactivate the DOE Ocean Thermal Energy RandD Program", April 10, http://push.pickensplan.com/forum/topic/show?id=2187034:Topic:201120 Accessed 7/12/14)
This is to propose that the DOE Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) R
AND
andD policy. A draft three-year reactivation budget is attached.

Weigh consequences first—moral absolutism reproduces evil.

Isaac 2 — Jeffrey C. Isaac, James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and Director of the Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life at Indiana University-Bloomington, 2002 ("Ends, Means, and Politics," Dissent, Volume 49, Issue 2, Spring, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via EBSCOhost, p. 35-36)
As writers such as Niccolo Machiavelli, Max Weber, Reinhold Niebuhr, and Hannah
AND
not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.

CONTENTION TWO IS AQUACULTURES

Rising demand and climate change will collapse food production by 2050—deep ocean water from OTEC is key to sustainable aquaculture

Websdale, an environmental journalist and senior communications specialist for renewable energy provider, OTE Corporation, 14
~Emma, 2/24/14, Empower the Ocean, "The Promise of OTEC Aquaculture," http://empowertheocean.com/otec-aquaculture/, accessed 6/24/14, TYBG~
In a time of declining wild fish stocks and growing fish demand – which currently
AND
enhances the livelihoods of the millions of people who depend upon our oceans.

Scarcity guarantees conflict—it's an impact multiplier—their defense is not predictive

Klare 2013(Michael, professor of peace and world security studies at Hampshire College and defense correspondent for The Nation, 2013, " How Resource Scarcity and Climate Change Could Produce a Global Explosion", http://www.thenation.com/article/173967/how-resource-scarcity-and-climate-change-could-produce-global-explosion)
Brace yourself. You may not be able to tell yet, but according to
AND
mobilize new investments, tensions over water may erupt into more open confrontations."

Food shortages cause extinction—laundry list of impacts

Cribb, fellow of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering, 10
~Julian, The Coming Famine, pg. 9, FCB~
The character of human conflict has also changed: since the early 1990s, more
AND
future food shortages are a far bigger world threat than global warming."20

Aquaculture is integral to world food security

FAO, United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, 2005
~5-27-05, United Nations, "Contribution of aquaculture to food security," http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/14886/en, 6-25-14, IC~
Fish contributes to national food self-sufficiency through direct consumption and through trade and
AND
, it is fish - the staple animal protein source of traditional fishers.

OTEC solves sustainable aquaculture and allows for successful sea colonization

Savage, Professor of English, 1994 
~Marshall, The Millennial Project: Colonizing the Galaxy in Eight Easy Steps, page 33-34, BS~
The pulsing heart of Aquarius is an OTEC (Ocean Thermal Energy Converter). The
AND
rich nutrient broth from the depths and producing millions of tons of protein.

Sea colonization independently solves all extinction threats – makes every impact survivable

Savage, Professor of English, 1994 
~Marshall, The Millennial Project: Colonizing the Galaxy in Eight Easy Steps, page 94-95, BS~
Every space colony is an ark. Aquarius will serve not only as the jumping
AND
— just as in the legends of Atlantis—to recolonize this planet. 

Sea colonies shatter the old zero-sum resource competition paradigm

Savage, Professor of English, 1994 
 (p. 31)
Aquarius- the first sea colony, and all Millenial space colonies that follow her
AND
cybergenic pathway, Life can evolve itself out of its present resource trap. 

Sea colonies create new forms of environmental philosophy—solves their impact

Chamberland, Nuclear Engineer, 2007
~Dennis, Former United States Naval Officer and M.S. in Bioenvironmental engineering @ Oklahoma State, Undersea Colonies: the future of permanent undersea settlements, page 167, JF~
In my dream, each undersea colony will start out on its first day having
AND
occupy a new territory and make it better expressly because they are there.

CONTENTION THREE IS CLIMATE CHANGE

Every data method and prediction model indicates fast anthropogenic warming – all alternative explanations are flawed – CO2 is the driving factor

Geological Society of America 2013
(The Geological Society of America, Adopted in October 2006; revised April 2010; March 2013, citing dozens of peer-reviewed publications, "Climate Change: Rationale", http://www.geosociety.org/positions/position10.htm, Accessed: 6/25/14) AMM
Scientific advances in the first decade of the 21st century have greatly reduced previous uncertainties
AND
on ocean life are projected to last for tens of thousands of years.

Warming causes extinction—scholarly consensus proves it's real, anthropogenic, and outweighs all other impacts

Deibel 2007 (Terry, "Foreign Affairs Strategy: Logic of American Statecraft," Conclusion: American Foreign Affairs Strategy Today)
Finally, there is one major existential threat to American security (as well as
AND
States, but potentially to the continued existence of life on this planet.  

OTEC solves global warming—increases carbon sequestration, trades off with fossil fuels and increases albedo through sulfate aerosol production—also cools oceans which solves hurricanes which wreck the economy

Dunn and Dhanak et al,  Professors of Ocean and Mechanical Engineering @ Florida Atlantic University, 1997
(Stanley and Manhar, also Patrick Takahashi- Director Emeritus @ Hawaii Natural Energy Institute and Michelle Teng- Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering @ University of Hawaii, "Artificial Upwelling for Environmental Enhancement", Club Des Argonautes Newsletter, Vol 8, No. 4, Winter, http://www.clubdesargonautes.org/otec/vol/vol8-4-1.htm  Accessed 7/12/14)
Relative to fossil or nuclear energy, renewable technologies are mostly friendly to the environment
AND
while, possibly, enhancing the environment, seems like a wise bargain.

Tournament: La Costa Canyon | Round: 6 | Opponent: Peninsula JK | Judge: Alyssa Lucas-Bolin

Plan

The United States federal government should substantially increase its development of ocean thermal energy resources by:

-Streamlining the regulatory framework for ocean thermal energy projects to permit "one-stop shop" licensing by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,

-Reactivating the dedicated budget line item for Department of Energy research and development of ocean thermal energy conversion, and

-Providing federal cost-sharing to develop prototype OTEC commercial electric plants.

CONTENTION ONE IS SOLVENCY

Federal support for OTEC RandD is lacking now—that support is key to OTEC commercialization—OTEC is effective, cost-competitive, provides nutrients for marine life, reduces oil imports, and solves CO2 emissions

Avery, former director of ocean energy programs, and Berl, a member of the principal staff at APL, 2013
~William, Walter, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, 11/27, "Solar Energy from the Tropical Oceans," http://issues.org/14-2/avery-2/, 6/27/14, BS~
Long neglected, ocean thermal energy conversion deserves renewed attention and federal support. The
AND
make it possible to have significant OTEC commercial operation by the year 2050.

Regulatory uncertainty is the largest obstacle to OTEC - creating a "one-stop shop" for OTEC licensing is essential to ocean energy development.

Todd Griset, J.D. and Masters in Environmental Studies @ UPenn, currently practices law with Preti Flaherty's Energy and Telecommunications Group, 2011
Ocean and Coastal Law Journal, 16 Ocean and Coastal L.J. 395
AND
promoting regulatory certainty would do much to promote their cost-effective development.

Federal cost-sharing attracts investment for commercial scale OTEC

Robert Cohen, specialist in ocean thermal energy since 1973, when he organized the initial federal ocean thermal RandD program, 2008
(Ph.D. in electrical engineering from Cornell University, "Proposal to Reactivate the DOE Ocean Thermal Energy RandD Program", April 10, http://push.pickensplan.com/forum/topic/show?id=2187034:Topic:201120 Accessed 7/12/14)
A. TWO JOINT INDUSTRY/GOVERNMENT VENTURES (@ 50 PER PARTNER) ~
AND
OTEC-derived electricity would replace electricity that is presently oil-derived.

Explicit federal government subsidies and development of a pilot plant are key to scaling up to commercializable sizes

Robert Cohen, specialist in ocean thermal energy since 1973, when he organized the initial federal ocean thermal RandD program, 2010
("Response to Comments Re: Ocean Thermal Energy Posted on the R-Squared Energy Blog", February 16, https://robertrapier.wordpress.com/category/ocean-thermal-energy-conversion/ Accessed: 7/12/14)
Assuming that LM can achieve that energy-cost target—a busbar cost of
AND
be venture capital, and investment tax credits would offer an additional incentive.

Reactivating the line item for OTEC R and D allows the US to take advantage of the expertise and technical know-how acquired during previous R and D efforts.

Robert Cohen, specialist in ocean thermal energy since 1973, when he organized the initial federal ocean thermal RandD program, 2008
(Ph.D. in electrical engineering from Cornell University, "Proposal to Reactivate the DOE Ocean Thermal Energy RandD Program", April 10, http://push.pickensplan.com/forum/topic/show?id=2187034:Topic:201120 Accessed 7/12/14)
This is to propose that the DOE Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) R
AND
andD policy. A draft three-year reactivation budget is attached.

CONTENTION TWO IS AQUACULTURES

Rising demand and climate change will collapse food production by 2050—deep ocean water from OTEC is key to sustainable aquaculture

Websdale, an environmental journalist and senior communications specialist for renewable energy provider, OTE Corporation, 14
~Emma, 2/24/14, Empower the Ocean, "The Promise of OTEC Aquaculture," http://empowertheocean.com/otec-aquaculture/, accessed 6/24/14, TYBG~
In a time of declining wild fish stocks and growing fish demand – which currently
AND
enhances the livelihoods of the millions of people who depend upon our oceans.

Scarcity guarantees conflict—it's an impact multiplier—their defense is not predictive

Klare 2013(Michael, professor of peace and world security studies at Hampshire College and defense correspondent for The Nation, 2013, " How Resource Scarcity and Climate Change Could Produce a Global Explosion", http://www.thenation.com/article/173967/how-resource-scarcity-and-climate-change-could-produce-global-explosion)
Brace yourself. You may not be able to tell yet, but according to
AND
mobilize new investments, tensions over water may erupt into more open confrontations."

Food shortages cause extinction—laundry list of impacts

Cribb, fellow of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering, 10
~Julian, The Coming Famine, pg. 9, FCB~
The character of human conflict has also changed: since the early 1990s, more
AND
future food shortages are a far bigger world threat than global warming."20

Aquaculture is integral to world food security

FAO, United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, 2005
~5-27-05, United Nations, "Contribution of aquaculture to food security," http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/14886/en, 6-25-14, IC~
Fish contributes to national food self-sufficiency through direct consumption and through trade and
AND
, it is fish - the staple animal protein source of traditional fishers.

OTEC solves sustainable aquaculture and allows for successful sea colonization

Savage, Professor of English, 1994 
~Marshall, The Millennial Project: Colonizing the Galaxy in Eight Easy Steps, page 33-34, BS~
The pulsing heart of Aquarius is an OTEC (Ocean Thermal Energy Converter). The
AND
rich nutrient broth from the depths and producing millions of tons of protein.

Sea colonization independently solves all extinction threats – makes every impact survivable

Savage, Professor of English, 1994 
~Marshall, The Millennial Project: Colonizing the Galaxy in Eight Easy Steps, page 94-95, BS~
Every space colony is an ark. Aquarius will serve not only as the jumping
AND
— just as in the legends of Atlantis—to recolonize this planet. 

Sea colonies shatter the old zero-sum resource competition paradigm

Savage, Professor of English, 1994 
 (p. 31)
Aquarius- the first sea colony, and all Millenial space colonies that follow her
AND
cybergenic pathway, Life can evolve itself out of its present resource trap. 

Sea colonies create new forms of environmental philosophy—solves their impact

Chamberland, Nuclear Engineer, 2007
~Dennis, Former United States Naval Officer and M.S. in Bioenvironmental engineering @ Oklahoma State, Undersea Colonies: the future of permanent undersea settlements, page 167, JF~
In my dream, each undersea colony will start out on its first day having
AND
occupy a new territory and make it better expressly because they are there.

CONTENTION THREE IS CLIMATE CHANGE

Every data method and prediction model indicates fast anthropogenic warming – all alternative explanations are flawed – CO2 is the driving factor

Geological Society of America 2013
(The Geological Society of America, Adopted in October 2006; revised April 2010; March 2013, citing dozens of peer-reviewed publications, "Climate Change: Rationale", http://www.geosociety.org/positions/position10.htm, Accessed: 6/25/14) AMM
Scientific advances in the first decade of the 21st century have greatly reduced previous uncertainties
AND
on ocean life are projected to last for tens of thousands of years.

Warming causes extinction—scholarly consensus proves it's real, anthropogenic, and outweighs all other impacts

Deibel 2007 (Terry, "Foreign Affairs Strategy: Logic of American Statecraft," Conclusion: American Foreign Affairs Strategy Today)
Finally, there is one major existential threat to American security (as well as
AND
States, but potentially to the continued existence of life on this planet.  

OTEC solves global warming—increases carbon sequestration, trades off with fossil fuels and increases albedo through sulfate aerosol production—also cools oceans which solves hurricanes which wreck the economy

Dunn and Dhanak et al,  Professors of Ocean and Mechanical Engineering @ Florida Atlantic University, 1997
(Stanley and Manhar, also Patrick Takahashi- Director Emeritus @ Hawaii Natural Energy Institute and Michelle Teng- Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering @ University of Hawaii, "Artificial Upwelling for Environmental Enhancement", Club Des Argonautes Newsletter, Vol 8, No. 4, Winter, http://www.clubdesargonautes.org/otec/vol/vol8-4-1.htm  Accessed 7/12/14)
Relative to fossil or nuclear energy, renewable technologies are mostly friendly to the environment
AND
while, possibly, enhancing the environment, seems like a wise bargain.

Creating a global ethical commitment to future generations is the ONLY way to appreciate the moral scope of climate change – government policy action must be the primary moral focus to create change and unify support

Callicott 11 – (Oct. 2011, J. Baird, University Distinguished Research Professor and a member of the Department of Philosophy and Religion Studies and the Institute of Applied Sciences at the University of North Texas, "The Temporal and Spatial Scales of Global Climate Change and the Limits of Individualistic and Rationalistic Ethics," Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement, Volume 69, October 2011, pp 101-116, cambridge journals)
The temporal scale of this proposed moral ontology – moral considerability for human civilization per
AND
be effective in mitigating global climate change, they must act in concert.

Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: 5 | Opponent: CPS MR | Judge: Josh Martin

1AC

Plan

The United States federal government should substantially increase its development of ocean thermal energy resources by:

-Streamlining the regulatory framework for ocean thermal energy projects to permit "one-stop shop" licensing by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,

-Reactivating the dedicated budget line item for Department of Energy research and development of ocean thermal energy conversion, and

-Providing federal cost-sharing to develop prototype OTEC commercial electric plants.

CONTENTION ONE IS SOLVENCY

Federal support for OTEC RandD is lacking now—that support is key to OTEC commercialization—OTEC is effective, cost-competitive, provides nutrients for marine life, reduces oil imports, and solves CO2 emissions

Avery, former director of ocean energy programs, and Berl, a member of the principal staff at APL, 2013
~William, Walter, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, 11/27, "Solar Energy from the Tropical Oceans," http://issues.org/14-2/avery-2/, 6/27/14, BS~
Long neglected, ocean thermal energy conversion deserves renewed attention and federal support. The
AND
make it possible to have significant OTEC commercial operation by the year 2050.

Regulatory uncertainty is the largest obstacle to OTEC - creating a "one-stop shop" for OTEC licensing is essential to ocean energy development.

Todd Griset, J.D. and Masters in Environmental Studies @ UPenn, currently practices law with Preti Flaherty's Energy and Telecommunications Group, 2011
Ocean and Coastal Law Journal, 16 Ocean and Coastal L.J. 395
AND
promoting regulatory certainty would do much to promote their cost-effective development.

Federal cost-sharing attracts investment for commercial scale OTEC

Robert Cohen, specialist in ocean thermal energy since 1973, when he organized the initial federal ocean thermal RandD program, 2008
(Ph.D. in electrical engineering from Cornell University, "Proposal to Reactivate the DOE Ocean Thermal Energy RandD Program", April 10, http://push.pickensplan.com/forum/topic/show?id=2187034:Topic:201120 Accessed 7/12/14)
A. TWO JOINT INDUSTRY/GOVERNMENT VENTURES (@ 50 PER PARTNER) ~
AND
OTEC-derived electricity would replace electricity that is presently oil-derived.

Explicit federal government subsidies and development of a pilot plant are key to scaling up to commercializable sizes

Robert Cohen, specialist in ocean thermal energy since 1973, when he organized the initial federal ocean thermal RandD program, 2010
("Response to Comments Re: Ocean Thermal Energy Posted on the R-Squared Energy Blog", February 16, https://robertrapier.wordpress.com/category/ocean-thermal-energy-conversion/ Accessed: 7/12/14)
Assuming that LM can achieve that energy-cost target—a busbar cost of
AND
be venture capital, and investment tax credits would offer an additional incentive.

Reactivating the line item for OTEC R and D allows the US to take advantage of the expertise and technical know-how acquired during previous R and D efforts.

Robert Cohen, specialist in ocean thermal energy since 1973, when he organized the initial federal ocean thermal RandD program, 2008
(Ph.D. in electrical engineering from Cornell University, "Proposal to Reactivate the DOE Ocean Thermal Energy RandD Program", April 10, http://push.pickensplan.com/forum/topic/show?id=2187034:Topic:201120 Accessed 7/12/14)
This is to propose that the DOE Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) R
AND
andD policy. A draft three-year reactivation budget is attached.

CONTENTION TWO IS AQUACULTURES

Rising demand and climate change will collapse fish production by 2050—OTEC's disease free and nutrient rich deep ocean water solves for sustainable aquaculture

Websdale, an environmental journalist and senior communications specialist for renewable energy provider, OTE Corporation, 14
~Emma, 2/24/14, Empower the Ocean, "The Promise of OTEC Aquaculture," http://empowertheocean.com/otec-aquaculture/, accessed 6/24/14, TYBG~
In a time of declining wild fish stocks and growing fish demand – which currently over a billion people globally depend upon as their primary source of protein – aquaculture is becoming an important component in helping to improve food security in many parts of the world. 'Aquaculture' refers to the rearing, breeding and harvesting of aquatic animals and plants across a variety of water environments including ponds, rivers, lakes and oceans, primarily for human consumption. Aquaculture practices have also proved important for restoring threatened and endangered aquatic species and providing fish for aquariums. Need for Aquaculture Industry A recent collaborative report between the World Bank, Food and Agriculture Agency (FAO) and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) has highlighted the urgent need to increase investment into sustainable aquaculture in order to meet growing fish demands. The report, entitled 'Fish to 2030: Prospects for Fisheries and Aquaculture',estimates that by 2030, 62 of all consumed seafood will need to be farmed, including fish for foods and fishmeal, in order to meet demand. Demand is greatest in certain regions, particularly Asia, where approximately 70 of fish will be consumed. The report states that aquaculture will help satisfy the world's growing appetite for fish as human populations continue to grow. Investing in aquaculture is not a new notion. In 2007, the United Nations cautioned that without better management of fish production, the rising demand for seafood would lead to a collapse of today's commercial fish stocks by 2050. Furthermore, the UNEP Global Environment Outlook Year Book 2007 noted that the impact of climate change on the world's oceans (by increasing ocean acidity and bleaching coral reefs) would further aggravate the fishing dilemma. These projections have since been strongly supported by scientists and organizations. A report released in October 2013 estimated that human-induced greenhouse gases are not only increasing the acidity of our water but are also depleting water oxygen levels -two biochemical changes that are likely to reduce ocean productivity significantly. Meeting the Rising Appetite for Fish Fortunately, some organizations and companies are developing sustainable methods and technologies for aquaculture. One recent advance that deserves attention is the water drawn by the pipes of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) plants OTEC is a base-load renewable energy production process particularly suited for tropical zones. By using the ocean's abundant temperature differential between warm surface water and cold deep water, OTEC technology generates both clean energy and fresh drinking water. Due to the technology's looped system, under certain conditions the water can be re-used for secondary applications including desalination to create fresh drinking water. One particularly attractive by-product of OTEC plants is nutrient-rich and virtually pathogen-free water from the deep ocean. This water provides an optimal environment for various forms of aquaculture cultivation of both plants and animals. Through open-ocean fish farming (where adequate flushing ensures dilution of waste products), aquaculture can produce sustainable food supplies. Thus, OTEC provides an attractive application to the aquaculture industry, especially in the face of current declines in commercial fishing stocks. The cold, deep seawater, available as a result of producing renewable energy through OTEC technology has numerous advantages for aquaculture systems: -Rich in dissolved nitrogen, carbon and phosphorus, OTEC's deep-ocean water contains chemicals that are essential for fish and plant growth. -The consistent low temperature of OTEC water provides opportunities to culture valuable cold-water organisms both in native environments and in the tropics. -The virtually pathogen-free water pumped by OTEC allows disease-free cultivation of sensitive organisms. Aquaculture via deep seawater is not just a theory or hopeful expectation. The Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority (NELHA) currently utilizes cold deep seawater for both mature and developing commercial aquaculture applications. NELHA already farms numerous seafood products including shrimp, lobster, oysters, abalone, tilapia, kampachi, flounder and salmon. Additionally, aquaculture at NELHA includes the growing of microalgae for pharmaceuticals or biofuels, thus providing an input for humanitarian and environmentally friendly industries. Investment Opportunity Aquaculture is both sustainable and achievable. With wild fish stocks disappearing at an all-time rate, aquaculture provides a solution for replenishing global fish populations and alleviating pressure on intensively over-fished wild stocks. Moreover, OTEC aquaculture can provide self-sustaining food resources for tropical island communities, helping them to compete with foreign fishing industries. OTEC aquaculture can also strengthen local economies of small island developing states (SIDS), by creating job opportunities for local island residents. As the global population edges towards nine billion by 2050, the opportunity for jobs in the aquaculture industry will continue to grow. This economic impact doesn't stop with island communities. Aquaculture can also extend to 'upstream' industries including agriculture, hatcheries, feed manufacturers, equipment manufacturers, and veterinary services. 'Downstream' industries such as processors, wholesalers, retailers, transportation, and food services are also supported by the aquaculture industry. Because OTEC plants can incorporate aquaculture services into their design, they will help to meet future fish demands – improving both food security and protection of dwindling wild fish populations. An investment into OTEC facilities is a smart one – it helps reduce the risk of global conflict over depleting food resources and enhances the livelihoods of the millions of people who depend upon our oceans.

Scarcity guarantees conflict—it's an impact multiplier—their defense is not predictive

Klare 2013(Michael, professor of peace and world security studies at Hampshire College and defense correspondent for The Nation, 2013, " How Resource Scarcity and Climate Change Could Produce a Global Explosion", http://www.thenation.com/article/173967/how-resource-scarcity-and-climate-change-could-produce-global-explosion)
Brace yourself. You may not be able to tell yet, but according to
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mobilize new investments, tensions over water may erupt into more open confrontations."

Food shortages cause extinction—laundry list of impacts

Cribb, fellow of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering, 10
~Julian, The Coming Famine, pg. 9, FCB~
The character of human conflict has also changed: since the early 1990s, more
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future food shortages are a far bigger world threat than global warming."20

Aquaculture is integral to world food security

FAO, United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, 2005
~5-27-05, United Nations, "Contribution of aquaculture to food security," http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/14886/en, 6-25-14, IC~
Fish contributes to national food self-sufficiency through direct consumption and through trade and
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, it is fish - the staple animal protein source of traditional fishers.

OTEC solves sustainable aquaculture and allows for successful sea colonization

Savage, Professor of English, 1994 
~Marshall, The Millennial Project: Colonizing the Galaxy in Eight Easy Steps, page 33-34, BS~
The pulsing heart of Aquarius is an OTEC (Ocean Thermal Energy Converter). The
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rich nutrient broth from the depths and producing millions of tons of protein.

Sea colonization independently solves all extinction threats – makes every impact survivable

Savage, Professor of English, 1994 
~Marshall, The Millennial Project: Colonizing the Galaxy in Eight Easy Steps, page 94-95, BS~
Every space colony is an ark. Aquarius will serve not only as the jumping
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— just as in the legends of Atlantis—to recolonize this planet. 

Sea colonies shatter the old zero-sum resource competition paradigm

Savage, Professor of English, 1994 
 (p. 31)
Aquarius- the first sea colony, and all Millenial space colonies that follow her
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cybergenic pathway, Life can evolve itself out of its present resource trap. 

CONTENTION THREE IS CLIMATE CHANGE

Every data method and prediction model indicates fast anthropogenic warming – all alternative explanations are flawed – CO2 is the driving factor

Geological Society of America 2013
(The Geological Society of America, Adopted in October 2006; revised April 2010; March 2013, citing dozens of peer-reviewed publications, "Climate Change: Rationale", http://www.geosociety.org/positions/position10.htm, Accessed: 6/25/14) AMM
Scientific advances in the first decade of the 21st century have greatly reduced previous uncertainties
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on ocean life are projected to last for tens of thousands of years.

We have scholarly consensus—99.99 of scientists agree

Jogalekar 2014
~Ashutosh, January 10, "About that consensus on global warming: The Curious Wavefunction, Scientific American Blog Network.", Scientific American Global RSS. from http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/the-curious-wavefunction/2014/01/10/about-that-consensus-on-global-warming-9136-agree-one-disagrees/, Retrieved July 3, 2014, WZ~
I just want to highlight this illuminating infographic by James Powell in which, based
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based on sound science? The belief stretches your imagination to new lengths.

Warming causes extinction—scholarly consensus proves it's real, anthropogenic, and outweighs all other impacts

Deibel 2007 (Terry, "Foreign Affairs Strategy: Logic of American Statecraft," Conclusion: American Foreign Affairs Strategy Today)
Finally, there is one major existential threat to American security (as well as
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States, but potentially to the continued existence of life on this planet.  

OTEC solves—increases carbon sequestration, trades off with fossil fuels and increases albedo through sulfate aerosol production—also cools oceans which solves hurricanes which wreck the economy

Dunn and Dhanak et al,  Professors of Ocean and Mechanical Engineering @ Florida Atlantic University, 1997
(Stanley and Manhar, also Patrick Takahashi- Director Emeritus @ Hawaii Natural Energy Institute and Michelle Teng- Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering @ University of Hawaii, "Artificial Upwelling for Environmental Enhancement", Club Des Argonautes Newsletter, Vol 8, No. 4, Winter, http://www.clubdesargonautes.org/otec/vol/vol8-4-1.htm  Accessed 7/12/14)
Relative to fossil or nuclear energy, renewable technologies are mostly friendly to the environment
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while, possibly, enhancing the environment, seems like a wise bargain.

Even if discourse focus is important, reality exists and their meta-theoretical philosophizing disables action

Lipschutz 11 (Ronnie Lipschutz, Professor of Politics at UC Santa Cruz, "Cal Round Robin – Policy," video, post-round criticism of the final round of the California Round Robin at the College Preparatory School in Oakland, CA, in which the Georgetown Day School went for a Foucaultian critique of knowledge production against Damien High School's conventional deterrence affirmative, February 18, transcribed by Josh Clark, debate coach at the University of Michigan, http://nfltv.org/2011/02/24/cal-round-robin-policy/)
RONNIE LIPSCHUTZ: Well, many, many years ago…one day when I
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debate, you should probably take a look at Bourdieu. I'm done.

Tournament: CSU Fullerton | Round: 1 | Opponent: California Academy of Forensics CH | Judge: Steve Wimsatt

1AC – Inherency

Contention 1 is inherency or why our plan is not being funded in the status quo

There are currently too many federal regulations preventing wind power from being implemented efficiently. Amy Puliafico, a lawyer specializing in environmental permit law, writes in 2012 that…….

Puliafico, Ullian and Associates Lawyer, 12
~Amy, 2011, Suffolk University Law School, "Offshore Wind: What Steps Need to be Taken to Ensure it has a Future in America", https://www.suffolk.edu/documents/jhtl_publications/pulicafico.pdf, Accessed 6-30-14, CX, Page 364~
The first issue with the current federal regulatory scheme is the lack of uniformity and
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objectives currently; Congress needs to outline the federal government's role and policies.

Specifically, there is no governmental process that allow for easy and clear permits for private companies to invest in wind power. Puliafico continues by writing that….

Puliafico, Ullian and Associates Lawyer, 12
~Amy, 2011, Suffolk University Law School, "Offshore Wind: What Steps Need to be Taken to Ensure it has a Future in America", https://www.suffolk.edu/documents/jhtl_publications/pulicafico.pdf, Accessed 6-30-14, CX, Page 361~
Cape Wind has somehow overcome ten years of litigation and found its way through unchartered
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if the government makes the changes to keep up with this new technology.

1AC – Plan

Thus, the plan –

The United States federal government should streamline the regulatory permit process to invest in offshore wind power in the United States' ocean Exclusive Economic Zones.

1AC – Harms

Contention 2 is harms or why the status quo is harmful

The United States' relies almost exclusively on fossil fuels for energy. This practice may seem efficient, but causes a large amount of carbon dioxide release, further causing warming. Jacqueline Savitz, executive director of Coast Alliance, writes in 2010 that….

Savitz, Vice President for U.S. Oceans and Executive Director of Coast Alliance, 2010
(Jacqueline, "Untapped Wealth: Offshore Wind Can deliver Cleaner, More affordable energy and More Jobs than Offshore Oil," Oceana Report, September, Online: http://oceana.org/sites/default/files/reports/Offshore_Wind_Report_-_Final_1.pdf)
Most of the energy generated in the United States comes from fuel sources that must
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help save the oceans comes from the seas themselves—offshore wind power. 

AND Terry Deibel, a national war foreign affairs professor, writes in 2007 that global warming lays the foundations for extinction – the preponderance of evidence proves it's real, human caused and outweighs every other threat.

Deibel, National War College Foreign Affairs Professor, 7
(Terry, "Foreign Affairs Strategy: Logic of American Statecraft," Page: 387, CX)
Finally, there is one major existential threat to American security (as well as
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States, but potentially to the continued existence of life on this planet.

AND there is large scientific backing that can attest to the fact that global warming is indeed a reality. For instance, Donald Prothero, a lecturer at CalTech geobiology deparment, writes in 2012 that…..

Prothero, California Institute of Technology Geobiology lecturer, 12
(Donald R., Professor of Geology at Occidental College and Lecturer in Geobiology at the California Institute of Technology, 1-3-12, Skeptic, "How We Know Global Warming is Real and Human Caused", http://www.skeptic.com/eskeptic/12-02-08/, accessed: 6-29-14, CLF)
How do we know that global warming is real and primarily human caused? There
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pinnacles, but the rest of these drowned cities would lie deep underwater.

1AC – Solvency

Wind power is sufficient to curb emissions that are dangerous. Wind releases none of the harmful compounds and replaces fossil fuels, which are the worst polluters. Iva Ziza cites hundreds of scientific studies when she writes in 2008 that….

Ziza, New England School of Law JD, 8
~Iva, Spring 2008, New England School of Law, "SITING OF RENEWABLE ENERGY FACILITIES AND ADVERSARIAL LEGALISM: LESSONS FROM CAPE COD", http://www.nesl.edu/userfiles/file/lawreview/Vol42/2-3/Ziza.20Final.pdf, p.1, AAZ~
The atmospheric concentration of carbon-dioxide, which is released by fossil fuel consumption
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improving air quality of southeastern Massachusetts and areas upwind from the farm. n58

The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management supports this claim when they write in 2012 that….

Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, 12
~BOEM, last cited NREL Technical report form 2012, BOEM, "Offshore Wind Energy", http://www.boem.gov/renewable-energy-program/renewable-energy-guide/offshore-wind-energy.aspx, accessed 6-27-14, CLF~
Offshore wind turbines are being used by a number of countries to harness the energy
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offshore wind resource to power a substantial portion of our nation's energy needs.

1AC – Conclusion

YAYAYA

Tournament: 1 ERRDAY | Round: Finals | Opponent: The Feds | Judge: God
If you have any questions about the aff, feel free to email/gchat me at
leokiminardo@gmail.com

I'm lonely, so talk to me at any time!